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OUTLINE 



OF 



CHURCH HISTORY. 



By JOHN F. HURST 



NEW YORK: 

NELSON & PHILLIPS. 

CINCINNATI: HITCHCOCK & WALDEN 



SUXDAY-SCnOOL DEPAP.TMKNT. 









Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S75, by 

NELSON & PHILLIPS, 
in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, 



MODE OF. USE 



The proper method of using this Outline History of 
the Church is precisely the same that was laid down 
in regard to the use of the Outline of Bible History. 
The first summary which we give below embraces the 
General Periods of Bible History. It should be carefully 
committed to memory, in order to serve as a framework 
for the entire structure of Church History. The student 
will then have in mind a general survey of all the peri- 
ods, in historical order, with exact dates defining the gen- 
eral divisions of ecclesiastical history. This synopsis is 
then to be elaborated by the use of the second summary, 
or Index Table ; and this again by the body of the work ; 
and still further by the use of the best standards of Church 
History, such as Neander, Robertson, Gieseler, Schaff", 
Milman, and Mosheim, (last edition, London, 1863.) 
Instead of giving questions, we prefer to leave them to 
be suggested by the wisdom and care of the teacher, 
and by the diligence of the student. Nothing but con- 
stant repetition can fix the general facts of ecclesiastical 
history in the memory, and make them available for fu- 
ture service. We earnestly advise the invariable use of 
maps in connection with the History. It is one of the 



4 MODE OF USE. 

forms of object-teaching which never fails to produce 
the most gratifying results. The maps which we have 
given should be kept before the eye as much as may 
be. The student should draw on paper or the black- 
board his own maps, descriptive of countries, of scenes 
of theological controversies, of the progress of evan- 
gelization, and of all great religious movements. We 
advise likewise the making of diagrams of cities, and 
plans of the battles involving important religious inter- 
ests. In drawing a map of a country one should begin 
with a mere outline, and then fill up with all the im- 
portant topographical features of the land. This will 
be an invaluable aid, both in accuracy and interest, to 
the study of all the ecclesiastical periods. To him who 
does it, it will be of more service than his possession of 
the masterly productions of Keith Johnson, Petermann, 
Spruner, Wiltzsch, Menke, and, indeed, of all the dia- 
grams, plans, and maps produced by the world's mas- 
ters in cartography. One learns most, after all, by 
what he does himself. 



I. 

GENERAL PERIODS OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

I. THE ANCIENT PERIOD. 

A.D. 30-750. 

Chapter I. — Founding of the Church, and History of the Apostolic 

Period, to the Death of the Apostle John. A. D. 30-101. 
Chapter IT. — State of the Church during the Apostolic Period. 

A. D. 30-101. 
Chapter III. — From the Close of the Apostolic Period to the End of 

the Eeign of the Antonines. B. C. 101-180. 
Chapter IV. — Period of the Growth of the Persecuted Church, from 

the Emperor Commodus to Constantine's Edict of Toleration. 

A. D. 180-313. 
Chapter V. — The Church united with the State — From Constantine's 

Edict of Toleration to the Age of Leo the Great. A. D. 313-440. 
Chapter VI. — Age of Leo the Great — Supremacy of the Roman 

Church in the "West — Continuance of Controversies — Mohamme- 
danism. A.D. 440-590. 
Chapter VII. — The Age of Gregory the Great — Conflicts between 

the Church in the East and West — Decline of the Eastern Church. 

A. D. 590-750. 

II. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. 

A. D. 750-1517. 

Chapter I. — Beginning, Progress, and Characteristics of the Dark 
Ages — Conflicts between the Papacy and the Empire — Hilde- 
brand. A. D. 750-1198. 

Chapter II.— The Crusades. A. D. 1096-1272. 

Chapter III. — Reformatory Movements. A. D. 1170-1457. 



6 Outline Histoky of the Chuech. 

Chapter IV. — Latter Period of the Dark Ages — The Age of Inno- 
cent and the Councils — Dawn of Reform in the Church. A. D. 

1198-1517. 

IIL THE MODERN PERIOD. 

A. D. 1517-1875. 

Chapter I. — The Reformation — Wars of the Papacy and Prot- 
estantism — From Luther to the Peace of Westphalia. A. D. 
1517-1648. 

Chapter II. — From the Peace of Westphalia to the Wesleyan Revi- 
val — The Period of Religious Indifference and Awakening. A. D. 
1648-1739. 

Chapter III. — Skepticism and Reaction — The European Church 
from the Wesleyan Revival to the Present Time. A. D. 
1739-1875. 

Chapter IV. — The Church in the United States — Christianity in 
Connection with Republican Institutions. A. D. 1607-1875. 

Chapter Y. — Most Recent Events in the History of the Church. 
A. D. 1875. 

Chapter VI.— General Survey of Missions. A. D. 1875. 

Chapter VII.— Religious Statistics of the World. A. D. 1875. 



II. 

INDEX TABLE OE CHURCH HISTORY. 

I. THE ANCIENT PERIOD. 

A. D. 30-750. 

Chapter I. — Founding of the Church, and History of the Apostolic 
Period, to the Death of the Apostle John. B. C. 30-101.— 
1. The Church— Definition, Spiritual Endowment, Organization, 
and First Persecution ; 2. Missionary Journeys of Pan] 



Outline History of the Church. 7 

Chapter II. — State of the Church during the Apostolic Period. A. D. 
30-101. — 1. Christian Life and Worship; 2. Propagation of the 
Gospel ; 3. Controversies ; 4. Heretical Sects ; 5. Apologies — 
Table of Apologists. 

Chapter III.— Prom the Close of the Apostolic Period to the End of 
the Reign of the Antonines. A. D. 101-180.— 1. Growth of the 
Church and Persecution of Christians ; 2. The CoUection of the 
Canon; 3. Milder Measures — Renewal of Hostility; 4. Visita- 
tion of Martyrs' Graves — Intercommunion. 

Chapter IV. — Period of the Growth of the Persecuted Church, from 
the Emperor Commodus to Constantine's Edict of Toleration. 
A. D. 180-313. — 1. Christianity and Paganism in Pinal Conflict; 

2. Interpretation of the Scriptures — Theological Instruction ; 

3. The Decian Persecution ; 4. Rise of Monasticism ; 5. The Sa- 
bellians ; 6. The Lapsed. I. Table of Persecutions and Intervals 
of Peace. II. Church Fathers, to the Council of Nice. III. Here- 
sies and Sects of the First Three Centuries. 

Chapter V. — The Church united with the State — From Constantine's 
Edict of Toleration to the Age of Leo the Great. A. D. 313-440. 
— 1. Toleration of Christianity ; 2. Rise of Arianism ; 3. The 
Nicene Council ; 4. Spread of Christianity ; 5. The Empire and 
Christianity; 6. Monasticism; 7. Julian and Jovian; 8. Arian- 
ism — the Roman See ; 9. Religious Life; 10. Creeds; 11. Pela- 
gianism — Abuses. 

Chapter VI. — Age of Leo the Great — Supremacy of the Roman 
Church in the West — Continuance of Controversies — Mohamme- 
danism. A. D. 440-590. — 1. Leo the Great — Controversy on the 
Nature of Christ ; 2. Capture of Rome ; 3. Downfall of the West- 
ern Roman Empire ; 4. Eastern Empire — The Franks ; 5. Cleri- 
cal Celibacy — Councils ; Mohammedanism ; Roman Emperors. 

i 

Chapter VII. — The Age of Gregory the Great — Conflicts between the 

Church in the East and West — Decline of the Eastern Church. 
A. D. 590-750.— 1. Gregory the Great; 2. Monothelite Contro- 
versy ; 3. Spread of the Gospel. 



8 Outline History of the Church. 

II. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. 

A. D. 750-1517. 

Chapter I. — Beginning, Progress, and Characteristics of the Dark 
Ages — Conflicts between the Papacy and the Empire — Hilde- 
brand. A. D. 750-1198.— 1. The Middle Ages ; 2. Pepin; 3. Reign 
of Charlemagne; 4. Controversies; 5. Alfred the Great; 6. Ruric 
— Schism between the East and West; 7. Rapid Spread of the- 
Gospel — Corruptions ; 8. Papal Pretensions ; 9. Norman Con- 
quest ; 10. Hildebrand ; 11. Henry IV. ; 12. "Wealth and Terri- 
tory of the Church. 

Chapter II.— The Crusades. A. D. 1096-1272. — 1. Cause of 
the Crusades; 2. Order of the Crusades; 3. Benefits of the 
Crusades. 

Chapter III. — Reformatory Movements. A. D. 1170-1457. — 1. Ar- 
nold of Brescia ; 2. The Waldenses ; 3. The Cathari and Albi- 
genses ; 4. Wiclif and the Eirst English Reformers ; 5. Huss and 
his Followers; 6. Moravian Brethren; 7. The Mystics; 8. Savo- 
narola and his Politico-Religious Reform. 

Chapter IV. — Latter Period of the Dark Ages — The Age of Innocent 
and the Councils — Dawn of Reform in the Church. A. D. 1198- 
1517. — 1. Mendicant Orders : 2. Beginning of the Inquisition ; 
3. Scholasticism; 4. Thomists and Scotists; 5. Climax of the 
Papacy — Schism; 6. Councils. 

III. THE MODERN PERIOD. 

A. D. 1517-1875. 

Chapter I. — The Reformation — Wars of the Papacy and Protestant- 
ism — From Luther to the Peace of Westphalia. A. D. 1517- 
1648. — 1. The Reformation — Causes — Luther; 2. German Re- 
formers ; 3. Swiss Reformers ; 4. Extension of the Reformation ; 
5. Order of Jesuits ; 6. The English Reformation ; 7. English Re- 
formers ; 8. The Puritans ; 9. Arminius — Synod of Dort; 10. Per- 
secution of the Huguenots ; 11. Self-Defense of Rome ; 12. Thirty 
Tears' War. 



Outline History of the Church. 9 

Chapter II. — From the Peace of "Westphalia to the Wesleyan Revi- 
val — The Period of Religious Indifference and Awakening. A. D. 
'1648-1739. — 1. Pietism; 2. English Deism; 3. Replies to the 
Deists ; 4. Swedenborgianism ; 5. Missions to Foreign Countries : 

6. Moravianism ; 7. Wesley and English Methodism. 
Chapter III. — Skepticism and Reaction — The European Church from 

the Wesleyan Revival to the Present Time. A. D. 1739-1875.— 
1. German Rationalism; 2. Replies to the Rationalists; 3. State 
Church of Prussia ; 4. The Irvingites ; 5. The Tractarian Move- 
ment; 6. Evangelical Alliance ; 7. Later History of Roman Cath- 
olicism ; 8. The Old Catholics ; 9. Franco-German War. 
Chapter IV. — The Church in the United States — Christianity in 
Connection with Republican Institutions. A. D. 1607-1875. — 
1. Religious Character of American Colonization; 2. Periods of 
American Church History; 3. The Virginia Colony — Protestant 
Episcopal Church; 4. Reformed Episcopal Church; 5. The Puri- 
tans in America — Congregationalism ; 6. Reformed Church ; 

7. The Baptists ; 8. German Reformed Church ; 9. The Lutheran 
Church ; 10. The Presbyterians ; 11. The Methodists in America — 
General Summary of Methodism in 1874; 12. Roman Catholics. 

Chapter V. — More recent Events in the History of the Church. A. D. 
1875. — 1. Conflict between the Prussian Government and Ro- 
man Catholicism; 2. Gladstone's Declaration against Romanism ; 
3. Old Catholic Conventions; 4. Ritualism; 5. Schism in the 
French Reformed Church; 6. Persecutions in the East; 7. Chris- 
tian Union ; 8. Church Conventions ; 9. Revival in Scotland and 
Ireland ; 10. Present Condition and Outlook of the Protestant 
Church in America. 

Chapter VI. — General Survey of Missions. A. D. 1875. — 1. Tur- 
key; 2. India; 3." 1 China and Japan; 4. South Africa. 

Chapter VII. — Religious Statistics of the World. A. D. 1875. — 

1. General Creeds of the World. H. General Statistics of Chris- 
tianity, in. Special Statistics of Christianity : 1. America ; 

2. European; 3. Asia; 4. Africa ; 5. Australia. IV. Denomina- 
tional Statistics of the United States. 



MAPS 



Pages 
Roman Empire, at the Founding- of the Church. A. D. 

1-101 17-20 

Europe, at the Time of Charlemagne. A. D. 771-814... 35-38 

Europe, at the Time of the Eeformation. A. D. 1517... 51-54 

Europe, at the Present Time. A. D. 1875 63-66 

Turkey. A. D. 1875 85-88 

India. A. D. 1875 89-90 

China and Japan. A. D. 1875 91-92 

South Africa. A. D. 1875 93 



OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 



PART I. 

THE ANCIENT PERIOD. 
A. D. 30-750. 



CHAPTER I. 



FOUNDING OF THE CHURCH, AND HISTORY OF THE APOSTOLIC 

PERIOD, TO THE DEATH OF THE APOSTLE JOHN. 

A. D. 30 7 101. 

1. The Church :— Definition, Spiritual Endowment, Or- 
ganization, and First Persecution. — The Christian Church 
is that body of believers who have been baptized in the 
name of Christ, who fully accept his doctrines, and who strive 
in good faith to live in harmony with them. The history 
of the Church is the record of the career of God's people, 
who have been in the main progressive, ' notwithstanding 
occasional unfaithfulness, abnormal developments, and the 
opposition of enemies. The Church, in its broadest sense, 
consists of true believers of all ages ; but the Christian Church 
was established by Christ himself, and consists only of his 
followers. 

Descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost ; conversion a. d. 
of 3, 000 souls ; daily increase of membership ; the 30. 
numbers soon became 5, 000 ; the Gospel, however, confined 
to Jerusalem. Great persecution at Jerusalem ; death of Ste- 
phen, the first martyr ; dispersion of the disciples throughout 
Judea, Samaria, Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Syria. 

Conversion of Saul of Tarsus on his way to persecute a. d. 
the Christians in Damascus. Residence of three years 37. 
in Arabia ; long intervals probably passed in Damascus. Con- 



12 Outline History of the Church. 

secration of Barnabas and Paul by the Holy G-host to be apos- 
tles to the Gentiles, or the nations. 

2. Missionary Journeys of Paul. — (1.) First Missionary 
Journey of Paul. — He visited Seleucia, Island of Cyprus, 

a. d. Perga, Antioch in Asia Minor, Iconium, Lystra, 
45-46. Derbe, and returned to Antioch in Syria by way 
of Lystra, Iconium, Antioch in Asia Minor, Perga, Attalia. 
He then attended the assembly at Jerusalem. 

a. d. (2.) Second Missionary Journey op Paul. — He 

49-53. went through Syria, Cilicia, Phrygia, and Galatia,. 
In obedience to a Divine call, when at Alexandria Troas, he 
crossed the ^Egean Sea to ISTeapolis, whence he proceeded at 
once to Philippi. He here met with his first success on the 
continent of Europe. Conversion of Lydia. Paul then went 
through Amphipolis and Apollonia to Thessalonica, Berea, 
and Athens. He preached on Mars' Hill, and then went to 
Corinth, where he remained eighteen months. He afterward 
proceeded to Ephesus, and returned to Jerusalem by way of 
Csesarea. 

a. d. (3.) Third Missionary Journey of Paul. — He 
54-58. visited the Churches in Galatia, Phrygia, and Ephe- 
sus, and journeyed through Macedonia and Illyricum. He 
then went by way of Assos, Mitylene, Chios, Samos, Trogyl- 
lium, Miletus, Coos, Rhodes, Patara, Cyprus, Tyre, Ptole- 
mais, and Csesarea to Jerusalem. This was his fifth visit to 
Jerusalem. 

Arrest in the temple, and appeal to Caesar. 

a. d. Imprisonment in Csesarea. 
5§-60. Paul taken on board a ship bound for Rome, in the 
custody of a centurion. The vessel to which he was trans- 
ferred at Myra was wrecked at Malta, where he remained 
three months. He afterward set sail again, and landed at 
Puteoli, from which place he proceeded on foot toward Rome. 

a. d. Paul remained a prisoner in Rome two years, after 

61-63. which he was liberated. He then visited Crete, 
Macedonia, Corinth, Nicopolis, and Dalmatia; was "arrested 
in Asia, and again brought to Rome a prisoner. 
A. d. Burning of the city of Rome by the Emperor Nero. 
64. Commencement of the first persecution of Christians 



Outline History of the Church. 13 

by Nero ; it lasted four years, and probably extended to the 
provinces. 

A popular rumor charged Nero with, the burning of Eome, in order that he 
might rebuild it with greater magnificence. To repress the current rumor, 
the historian Tacitus declares that Nero took measures to have the Christians 
accused of the crime. He persecuted them with fearful violence. Many were 
crucified ; many were clothed in skins of wild beasts, that they might be torn to 
pieces by dogs; others, besmeared with combustible materials, were set up 
in Nero's garden and burned, to give light for the chariot races, in which the 
emperor took an active part as a common charioteer. Seneca, the last of the 
Stoic philosophers, in one of his epistles, describes the persecution thus : " Im- 
agine here a prison, crosses, and racks, and the hook, and a stake thrust through 
the body and coming out at the mouth, and the limbs torn by chariots pulling 
adverse ways, and that coat besmeared and interwoven with "inflammable ma- 
terials, nutriment for fire, and whatever else in addition to these that cruelty 
has invented." — Epistle 14. 

Beginning of the Jewish war, when the Christians in a. d. 
Jerusalem withdrew to Pella. Destruction of Jerusa- 66. 
salem under Titus; 1,100,000 Jews slain, and 90,000 a. d. 
sold into captivity. TO. 

The Persecution under Domitian. Banishment of a. d. 
John the Evangelist to Patmos, where he wrote the 95-96. 
Apocalypse. About this year John wrote his Gospel, a. d. 
thus completing the scriptural canon. Death of John. 101. 



CHAPTER II. 



STATE OF THE CHURCH DURING THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD. 
A. D. 30-101. 

1. Christian Life and Worship. — There were frequent 
assemblies of Christians, both by day and night. Property 
was held in common. There was great simplicity a. d. 
of worship, and the Lord's Supper was adminis- 30-101. 
tered at the close of the service. Agapce, or feasts of love, 
were celebrated at all the meetings. The Scriptures were 
read and expounded, and psalms and hymns sung. There 
being no churches, the private houses were the places of 
meeting. Each flock had its pastor and deacon. The first 
day of the week was regarded as holy, in remembrance of 
the resurrection ; the Jewish Sabbath still observed, but not 
universally. Fasts occurred on Wednesdays and Fridays 
every week, and annually before the paschal festival ; dura- 



14 Outline Histoey of the Church. 

tion of fasts and mode of observing them varied in different 
places. 

2. Propagation of the Gospel. — There was remarkable zeal 
in the dissemination of Christian truth. The example was set 
by the apostles themselves, but each Christian considered it 
his duty to desseminate the knowledge of Christianity when- 
ever possible. The entire Church communicated the Gospel. 
The principal Churches were at Jerusalem, Antioch, Rome, and 
Alexandria. But there were also vigorous societies at Ephe- 
sus, Colosse, Laodicea, Thessalonica, Philippi, Corinth, 
Smyrna, Sardis, and on the island of Crete. The Gospel was 
confined to the middle and lower classes. The great commerce 
in the Mediterranean, and the fine military roads throughout 
the Roman Empire, were very favorable to the extension of 
Christianity and the intercommunion of Christians. Letters, 
sometimes personal, but often circular, were largely made 
use of, and were of great influence in strengthening and unit- 
ing the societies needing special care. Copies of the Script- 
ures were circulated as widely as was possible in an age 
prior to the invention of the art of printing. 

3. Controversies. — From frequent allusions, even in Paul's 
Epistles, we learn that the early Church, during the period 
of its greatest simplicity and purity, was not without disturb- 
ing members. Judaizing teachers, or " false apostles,'"' were 
the authors of the first controversies. Antioch was the scene 
of the earliest disturbance, but dissension was produced in 
other sections notwithstanding Paul's explicit declarations 
and the decision of the Council at Jerusalem. Chief subjects 
of debate : Necessity of imposing the Mosaic Law upon the 
new converts from heathenism; doctrine of justification; 
covenant of Abraham ; use of meats offered to idols ; apostle- 
ship of Paul. 

4. Heretical Sects.— Even during the first century of the 
Christian Church there were certain sects who strove to ac- 
commodate Christianity to Oriental and Pagan philosophy. 
These continued in force about two centuries, and proved 
a great trial to the primitive Church. The most imjDortant 
of them were the Gnostics. Gnosticism was a combination 
of Oriental and Platonic philosophy with Judaism, together 



Outline History of the Church. 15 

with some Christian elements. Christ was not accepted as 
divine, but only as an emanation of Deity. This heresy, 
though it arose some time before John's death, did not cul- 
minate until much later. Saturninus, one of the leading 
Gnostics, held that creation was accomplished by seven 
angels ; that the Saviour was man in appearance only ; that 
celibacy and asceticism are obligatory; and that the Old 
Testament is of minor value. Basilides claimed that the 
world was created by an order of angels; that there are two 
souls in man ; that Christ's soul did not suffer, only his body, 
the outward man; and that the Old Testament should be 
rejected. Carpocrates and his son Epiphanes maintained that 
there is no difference between right and wrong ; and that Jesus 
elevated himself to purity, not that he was pure originally. 

Valentinus went from Alexandria to Home, and founded a 
Judaico-Gnostic school or sect. He held that God is a com- 
pound being ; Jesus was a man, on whom Christ descended ; 
the Holy Ghost is a divine attribute ; and there is no resurrec- 
tion. Cerdon taught that there are two principles and two 
Gods — one good and unknown, the father of Jesus, the other 
the creator, evil and known ; Jesus was not born of Mary, 
and was flesh in appearance only; the Old Testament and 
resurrection should be rejected. Marcion believed in two 
eternal principles — the one God, good and spiritual, the other 
material and evil. The Ophites were an anti-Jewish Gnostic 
sect, without admixture of Christian doctrine. They continued 
to the sixth century. 

There were various sects in addition to the Gnostics. The 
chief Judaizing sects were the Nazarenes, Mcolaitans, Ebion- 
ites, and Cerinthians. The Montanists, from Montanus, who 
believed that the Holy Spirit made special revelations to him, 
pretended to an extraordinary degree of spiritual illumina- 
tion and power; they were ascetical, encouraged celibacy, 
and were ph'arisaical in their self -righteousness. For table of 
heresies of the first three centuries, see pp. 19, 20. 

5. Apologies. — The early Christian teachers adopted vig- 
orous measures to meet the objections to Christianity, and to 
reply to its foes. They wrote defenses, or, as they were 
called, apologies. The first was written in the second century. 



16 Outline Histoey of the Chuech. 



TABLE OF APOLOGISTS. 

Quadratus. Athenagoras. 

Aristides. Miltiades. 

Justin Martyr. Theophilus, (of Antioch.) 

Melito, (of Sardis.) Tatian. 

Claudius Apollinaris. Hermias. 



CHAPTER III. 

FROM THE CLOSE OF THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD TO THE END OF 

THE REIGN OF THE ANTONINES. 

A. D. 101-180. 

1. Growth of the Church and Persecution of Christians. 

— The third persecution, under the Emperor Trajan. He 

a. d. enacted penal laws against the Christians. His was 

107. the first legal decree of a Roman Emperor against 

Christianity. 

Pliny the Younger, governor of Bithynia, aided in the persecution of the Chris- 
tians, chiefly because they refused to assist in sacrificing to the gods, and in 
other heathen practices ; but he found them to be so numerous that he was 
appalled at the prospect of suppressing their faith, and wrote a celebrated letter 
to Trajan, asking for advice. He said that he had not discovered any wicked- 
ness that the Christians were guilty of, nor any thing done by them contrary 
to the laws ; only that, rising early, they sang a hymn to Christ ; that they 
condemned adultery, murder, and all such crimes; and that they acted in all 
things according to the laws. Trajan replied that the Christians should not be 
sought for, but if any were brought before Pliny they should be punished. 
The letter of Pliny is a remarkable testimony to the great numbers and pure 
life of the Christians. 

A. d. Martyrdom of Ignatius at Rome. He wrote epistles 

115. from Smyrna to the Ephesians, Trallians, Magnesians, 
Romans, and from Troas to the Smyrnseans, Philadelphians, 
and to Polycarp. Trajan pronounced sentence on him. 
a. d. Accession of Adrian to the throne. His reign is 

117. regarded as the period of the fourth persecution. No 
general persecution, however; though there were oppressive 
measures at Rome. The pagan mobs frequently made attacks 
on the Christians. Adrian ordered that they should not be 
arrested on mere rumor. 

2. The Collection of the Canon. — Great attention was paid 
during the second century to the collecting of the sacred 
books into a canon. Most of the books of the New Testa- 




Burst's Oufline of Cliurch History 

MAP N91. 

ROB£A]!f EMPIRE 

UM THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD AV. 1-101 



JELSON * PHILLIPS, NEWYORK 



Outline History of the Church. 21 

merit were received in the Church as the rule of faith. Trans- 
lations made, especially into Syriac and Latin. 

3. Milder Measures,— Renewal of Hostility. a. d. 
— Reign of Antoninus Pius, distinguished by mild 13§-161. 
measures toward the Christians. They were persecuted, 
however, by subordinate officers and excited mobs. Public 
calamities, such as earthquakes in Asia Minor, a famine, the 
overflowing of the Tiber, and great fires in Rome, Antioch, and 
Corinth, were attributed to them, and hence the popular fury 
against them. Celsus wrote his book against the Christian 
religion. The emperor issued an order confirmatory of Adrian's, 
that no one should be persecuted for being a Christian unless 
charged with some offense. Polycarp visited Rome. 

Accession of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus to A. d. 
the throne. Under Marcus Aurelius, "the philos- 161. 
opher, 1 ' the Christians were subject to severe persecution. 
This may be called the fifth persecution. 

Lardner's three reasons for the hostility of Marcus Aurelius to Christianity : 
1. The Christians not only refused to join" in the common worship of the heathen 
deities, but were free in their reflections on the philosophers. 2. They outdid the 
Stoics ' themselves in patience under all kinds of suffering. 3. The emperor 
was a bigot in religion and philosophy. Still, Christians were made eligible to 
public offices under certain restrictions. 

Martyrdom of Justin Martyr. a. d. 165. 

Martyrdom of Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna. a. d. 167. 

Polycarp had been a disciple of John the Apostle, and was nearly ninety years 
old." Every effort was made to make him renounce his faith. While in the 
amphitheater, expecting execution, the pro-consul, Quadratus, said, "Swear and 
I will release thee — reproach Christ ! " But Polycarp replied, " Eighty and six 
years do I serve him, and never hath he injured me ; and how can I blaspheme 
my King and Saviour?" "I have wild' beasts," said the persecutor. "Call 
them." replied the hero ; " I cannot change from good to evil ; it is good to 
change from sin to righteousness." " 1 will cause thee to be devoured by fire, ,, 
continued Quadratus, " since thou despisest the beasts." Polycarp responded, 
" Thou threatenest the fire which burneth but for a time and is then extin- 
guished, for thou knowest not the fire of future judgment and of eternal pun- 
ishment reserved- for the wicked. But why tamest thou ? Bring what thou 
wilt!" He died in the midst of the flames, thanking God for the honor of 
his faith bv his blood. 



4. Visitation of Martyrs' Graves.— Intercommunion — 

A custom arose among Christians to commemorate the death 
of martyrs by meeting at their graves on the anniversaries of 
their death, and holding Divine worship,, celebrating the 
Lord's Supper, and taking collections for the poor. 

Many Christians in Asia Minor removed to Gaul, (France,) 
and formed that remarkable bond of- unity between the 
2 



22 Outline History of the Church. 

Church in these two countries. A fraternal letter of the Chris- 
tians in France, written during a period of great persecution 
to their brethren in Asia Minor, has come down to our times 
through Eusebius. Some regard it as the work of Irenseus. 

During this persecution in France only Eoman citizens were granted death by 
the sword, while the rest were torn to pieces by wild beasts. The bodies were 
mutilated and then burned, and the ashes thrown into the Rhone. A certain Sym- 
porian was beheaded for refusing- to fall before the car of the idol Cybele. His 
mother cried as ho went to execution, " My son, my son, be steadfast; look up 
to Him who dwells in heaven. To-day thy life is not taken from thee, but 
raised to a better," 

A. d. Bardesanes, after writing in defense of Christianity, 
170. went over to the Valentinians, and became the fore- 
runner of Manicha3ism. Controversy concerning the time of 
keeping Easter, or the paschal feast ; the Church in the West 
contending that the observance should be on Sunday, or day 
of resurrection, and the East that it should be on Friday, or 
the passover. 

Evidence of the practice of infant baptism in the Church. 



CHAPTER IV. 

PERIOD OF THE GROWTH OF THE PERSECUTED CHURCH, FROM 
THE EMPEROR COMMODUS TO CONSTANTINE'S EDICT OF TOL- 
ERATION. 

A. D. 180-313. 

1. Christianity and Paganism in Final Conflict.— This 

was the closing period of the persecuted Church. The oppos- 
ing forces were massed, and every effort made to frustrate 
the new religion. Martyrdoms frequent, and of the most 
cruel character. Forms of conflict of the Church : 1. With 
Greek and Eoman heathenism. 2. With civil power. 3. With 
the popular faith. 4. With the philosophic culture of the 
times. But the progress of the Gospel was all the more rapid, 
though less noticeable by the public. Diffusion of Christian- 
ity through the whole Roman Empire, beyond its boundaries 
in Asia, and far into the north of Europe, through the irrup- 
tions of the German barbaric tribes into the Empire. 
The Gospel preached in Ethiopia by PantEenus. 



Outline History of the Church. 23 

Commodus on the Roman throne. During his reign, a. d. 
from A. D. 180-193, the persecution of the Christians ISO. 
■was less intense, the emperor caring but little for the national, 
or any other, religion. 

Beginning of important differences between the Church in 
the East and that in the West. Increase in the number of 
Church officers, and in the ascendancy of the hierarchical aris- 
tocracy. 

Clement the head of the catechetical school in Alexandria. 

Septimius Severus, emperor. Christians but little A. d. 
persecuted during the first six years of his reign. 193. 
Afterward, A. D. 201, he instituted a general persecution, 
which was especially severe. He forbade his subjects from 
adopting either the Jewish or Christian religion. 

Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas, the former a noble lady, the latter a 
slave, but both sharing a common prison and death in the bonds of Christian 
love. The aged father of Perpetua tried to dissuade her from her faith, but 
neither he nor the love she bore her infant child could make her renounce it. 
Pointing to a vessel that lay on the ground, she said to her father, " Can I call 
this vessel what it is not ? " " No ! " he answered. " Neither," she replied, 
" can I call myself any thing but a Christian.'" Her child was torn from her, 
and she was cast into a dungeon, which, she said, "became a palace." When 
she and Felicitas were brought out into the amphitheater they were torn to 
pieces by the wild beasts, but embraced each other in the " mutual kiss of 
Christian love " just before their spirits departed. 

2. Interpretation of the Scriptures.— Theological In- 
struction. — The earliest commentators on the Scriptures lived 
during this period, and were Pantsenus and Clement of 
Alexandria. Church of Carthage became very prominent; 
Tertullian stood at the head of it. There arose at Alexandria 
an important school of philosophy, which strove to separate 
truth from error in the Gnostic system. It fell into error it- 
self. Origen became the head of the catechetical school at 
Alexandria. The allegorical mode of interpretation prevailed 
there. Keoplatonism in opposition to Christianity. It spirit- 
ualized Greek and Oriental mythology, and applied it to 
Christianity ; it would substitute, however, intellectual intui- 
tions for both Christianity and paganism. Ammonius Saccas 
was one of its chief teachers. He is believed to have aban- 
doned Christianity at last. Plotinus his greatest disciple. 

Death of Severus ; Caracalla and Geta, brothers, a. d. 
joint emperors ; the latter put to death by the former. 211. 
General toleration granted the Christians, but persecution in 



24 Outline History of the Church. 

certain localities. Massacre at Alexandria. Heliogabalus, 
emperor in 218, attempted to establish the worship of the 
sun throughout the empire; offered no molestation to the 
Christians in particular. Alexander Severus, emperor A. D. 
222-235, favored Christianity, though the Christians were 
persecuted by some of his officers in certain localities. He 
placed a statue of Christ among his household gods. 

Fasting became more common, and greater value attached 
to it. First traces of churches, or distinct buildings, for 
Christian worship. Church councils grew in importance — not 
only bishops, but ministers, and even laymen, were members. 
a. d. Maximinus, who murdered his predecessor, emperor. 
235. He inaugurated a partial persecution, aimed chiefly at 
the heads of the Church. Pontus and Cappadocia were the 
principal scenes of the persecution. The emperor put to 
death the bishops who had been friendly to his predecessor. 

There was universal peace in the Church under Gordian, 
emperor in 238. Succeeded by Philip the Arabian, 244. 
Important travels and writings of Origen. 

First traces of the Eoman Catholic doctrine of purgatory, Origen teaching, in 
harmony with the views of Plato, that the souls of all good men will pass 
through purgatorial fire. 

3. The Decian Persecution. — Decius became emperor, and 
commenced one of the two most barbarous of all the per- 
secutions. It extended throughout the Roman Empire. 
There was an imperial edict for the restoration of the State 
religion, while torture, banishment, and confiscation were the 
punishments inflicted on Christians. Bishops were put to 
death, and among the number was Fabianus, Bishop of Rome. 
Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem, and Babylas, Bishop of Anti- 
och, died in prison. The most cruel measures were adopted. 
' ' The sword, the fire, wild beasts, hooks of steel, the 
wheel, red-hot iron chains, and whatever else would inflict 
pain, were brought into requisition." A rebellion in Mace- 
donia and a Gothic war diverted the attention of Decius 
from the Christians. He died in battle against the Goths, 
A. D. 251. 

4. Eise of Monasticism.— Paul the Hermit, of Thebes, 
and other Christians, withdrew to the deserts of Egypt and 



Outline History of the Church. 



iij 



other retired places to avoid tlie persecution. Beginning of 
a great pestilence, which lasted fifteen years. 

Decius was succeeded by Gallus, who in turn was suc- 
ceeded by Valerian. The latter aimed to destroy Christianity 
by putting to death its leaders. In the fourth year of his 
reign he issued an edict : " Let bishops, presbyters, and dea- 
cons at once be put to death.' 1 The aged Cyprian suffered 
martyrdom for refusing to sacrifice to idols. Many Christians 
sent to the mines. 

Gallienus, emperor. He restored to the Christians a. d. 
their burial grounds and property, and protected them 259. 
in their worship. Under him Christianity was first recognized 
by the State as a lawful religion. He was succeeded by Au- 
relian, a plebeian fire-worshiper, in 270. He was unfriendly to 
Christianity, but recognized the favorable edict of his prede- 
cessor. Murdered in 275. 

5. The Sabellians. — They denied the personality of the 
Son and Holy G-host ; God is man's redeemer and sanctifier ; 
divinity of the Father resides in the Son, who had no separate 
existence before his appearance on earth. The sect existed 
at Rome and Alexandria until the fourth century. 

6. The Lapsed. — The Christians who did not withstand the 
persecution were called by various names. Those who, to 
save becoming martyrs, sacrificed at pagan altars, were called 
* ' Sacrificati ; " those who burned incense in pagan worship, 
" Thurificati ; " and those who obtained from the pagan 
authorities a certificate, libellum, "Libellatici." There were 
intense agitation and discussion among Christians as to the 
proper mode of treating the lapsed. Some favored sever- 
ity, others lenity. The Novatian schism at Rome grew out 
of this question. Novatus was lax at Carthage, but was de- 
feated within the Church. 

Diocletian, emperor; Maximian taken as colleague, a. d. 
The persecution under him was the last, most violent, 2 §4. 
and most wide-spread. He ordered that all Bibles should be 
burned, all Christian churches be pulled down, and all Chris- 
tians be deprived of rank and honor. A Christian of noble 
rank tore the proclamation to pieces, but was roasted for his 
act. All were tortured who refused to sacrifice to idols. Of 



26 Outline History of the Church". 

all the Roman Empire, only Gaul, Britain, and Spain, which 
were ruled by Constantius Chlorus, escaped persecution. 
A. D. Constantius, emperor. Born in Dacia, 274; his 
306. father, Constantius Chlorus, (the Sallow,) and his 
mother, Helena, daughter of an innkeeper. He fought his 
way to the throne by patience and bravery in the wars in 
Egypt and Persia. Proclaimed emperor by the soldiers in 
Britain. In 308 there were six emperors dividing the Roman 
dominion. Finally the number was reduced to two, Con- 
stantine in the East, and Licinius in the West. 

When Constantine was engaged in war with a rival emperor, Maxentius, he is 
said by the writers of the time to have seen the vision of a cross hung in the 
sky, inscribed with the words, in the Greek language, " In this Conquer ! " 
He gained the great victory of the Eed Eocks immediately afterward. The 
incident of the vision led "him to accept Christianity, and ever afterward he 
carried the cross at the head of his troops. 

I. 

Table op Persecutions and Intervals op Peace. 

a.d. 

64-68. Persecution under Nero. Martyrdom of Paul. 
68-95. Interval of peace. 

95-96. Persecution under Domitian. Banishment of John to 
Patmos. 
96-104. Interval of peace. 

104-117. Persecution under Trajan. Martyrdom of Ignatius. 

117-161. Interval of peace. 

161-180. Persecution under Marcus Aurelius. Martyrdom of Poly- 
carp. 

] 80-200. Interval of peace. 

200-211. Persecution under Severus. 

211-250. Interval of peace, excepting 235-237, when there was a 
partial persecution under Maximinus. 

250-253. Persecution under Decius. 

253-257. Interval of peace. 

257-260. Persecution under Yfilerian, with intervals of peace. 

260-303. Interval of peace, excepting 262, persecution in the East 
under Macrianus ; 275, persecution threatened under Au- 
relian. 

303-313. Persecution under Diocletian, G-alerius, and Maximinus. 

II. 

Church Fathers, to the Council op Nice. 
*■ The term " Father " is applied to those early Christian 
writers who were regarded in their day as authorities in doc- 
trine and practice, and in whose writings we find the history, 



Outline History of the Church. 27 

doctrines, and traditions of the early Church. They are as 
follows : 



Barnabas. 



APOSTOLICAL FATHERS. 

Ignatius. 



Hermas. 



Clemens. 



Polycarp. 



CHURCH FATHERS. 



Dionysius, the Areopagite. 

Justin Martyr. 

Hermias. 

Tatian. 

Tertullian. 

Hegesippus, 

Atbenagoras. 

Tbeophilus. 

Irenaeus. 

Cyprian. 



Origen. 

Hippolytus, 

Clement of Alexandria. 

Miuucius Felix. 

Dionysius of Alexandria. 

Gregory Thaumaturgus. 

Victorinus. 

Arnobius. 

Lactantius. 



III. 



Heresies and Sects of the First Three Centuries, 
flrst century. 



Judaizing. 
Nazarenes. 
Ebionites. 
Nicolaitans. 



Gnostic, (Asiatic.) 
Siraonians, (Simon Magus.) 
Menandrians. 
Cerintbians. 
Docetce. 



SECOND CENTURY. 

The Syrian Gnostics. 
Saturninus. Tatian. 

Bardesanes. Severus. 

Tlie Asiatic Gnostics. 



Cerdo. 
Marcion. 


~ 


Lucian, (or Lucan.) 
Apelles. 




Egyptian, or Alexandrian Gnostics. 


Valentinus. 
Basilides. 
Carpocrates 
Heracleon. 


Lesser Gnostic Sects. 


Ptolemasus. 
Secundus. 
Marcus. 
Colobarsus. 


Sethians. 


Cainites. 


Ophites. 



28 



Outline History of the Church. 



■Oriental Heresies. 



Praxeas, and Patripassians. 

Theodotus. 

Artemon. 

Prodicus. 

Antitecti. 

Alogians. 



Millenarii, or Chiliasts. 
Hermogenes. 
Montanus. 

Elxai, or Elcesaitae, 
Helcesaitse. 



THIRD CENTURY. 

Heresies. 



Novatian, (Novatians.) 

Novatus. 

Beryllus. 

Nostus. 

Sabellius, (Patripassian.) 



Nepos. 
* Paul of Samosata, (Paul- 
ianists.) 
Manichseans. 
Hierax, (Hieracites.) 



Schisms. 



Felicissimus. 



On the Lapsed, 



Controversies. 



Novatus. 



On Heretical Baptism. 



CHAPTER V. 

THE CHURCH UNITED WITH THE STATE. — FROM CONSTANTTNE'S 
EDICT OF TOLERATION TO THE AGE OF LEO THE GREAT. 



A. D. 313-440. 

1. Toleration of Christianity. — Constantine and Licinius 
published an edict in favor of the full toleration of Christians. 
a. d. In the following year the emperors engaged in war 
313. with each other, when Licinius made peace on dis- 
advantageous terms. He persecuted the Christians in the 
East, and defended paganism. 

2. Rise of Arianism. — Arius, the founder of Arianism, 
held that Christ was created, and was 'not of the same sub- 
stance as the Father. He claimed that there was a time 
when Christ did not exist. Excommunication of Arius. 
Arianism at its height, and extended to the West, in the 
middle of the fourth century. 

3. The Nicene Council. — This was the first general council 



Outline Histoey of the Church. 29 

of the Church, and was convened by Constantine, who was 
present in person. It was called chiefly to settle the a. d. 
Arian controversy. The docirines of Arius were con- 325. 
demned as heretical, principally through the influence of 
Athanasius, a talented young deacon of Alexandria. 

4. Spread of Christianity.' — Constantine sole emperor; 
laws against paganism ; all Christians protected in their rights. 
One half of the Roman Empire, in favor of Christianity. 
Many heathen temples converted into churches. About one 
thousand bishops in the Eastern Church, and eight hundred 
in the Western. Great increase in religious ceremonies. Con- 
stantinople made the imperial residence. The clergy ex- 
empted from share in civil burdens. Arius restored as 
presbyter to Alexandria by Constantine. 

5. The Empire and Christianity.— Death of Con- a. d. 
stantine ; was baptized shortly before his death ; 337. 
buried in the Church of the Apostles at Constantinople. 
Constantine IL and Constans, emperors in the West ; Con- 
stantius emperor in the East. Athanasius restored by Con- 
stans. Union between Church and State more intimate. 
The emperors convened and presided over the councils ; con- 
firmed their decrees; enacted ecclesiastical laws themselves; 
decided concerning heresies and controversies; appointed 
bishops ; inflicted ecclesiastical punishment. 

6. Monasticism. — Great increase of monasticism, though it 
spread much sooner and more rapidly in the East than the 
West. The monks divided into anchorites and coenobites. 
Nuns in Egypt. Death of Anthony, (the Great,) a celebrated 
promoter of monasticism. 

7. Julian and Jovian. — Coronation of Julian the a. d. 
Apostate. He renounced the Christian faith; openly 361. 
endeavored to establish paganism ; wrote against Christian- 
ity; forbade Christians to teach the liberal arts and sciences; 
commanded the Christian sects to be tolerant of each other ; 
took away the immunities from Christians. Succeeded by 
Jovian. Universal toleration under Yalentinian I. in the 
West. Heathen superstition generally renounced by the 
educated classes. Adherents of the ancient faith now for the 
first time styled Pagani, or Pagans. 



30 Outline History of the Church. 

8. Arianism.— The Roman See.— Reign of Theodosius I., 
the Great, A. D. 379-395. Decline and fall of Arianism. 
a. d. The tenets maintained among barbarians — Yandals, 
379. Goths, Lombards — until middle of seventh century. 
Choral singing introduced by Ambrose. Latin translation 
of the Scriptures improved. Extension of the power of the 
Roman See. Doctrine of purgatory taught at beginning of 
fifth century, Augustine thinking Origen's view of the 
purification of souls by fire between death and the judgment 
in all probability correct. Extensive conversion of the Gauls ; 
great spread of the Gospel in Germany. 

9. Religious Life. — During this period the religious life of 
the Christians was, for the most part, pure and fervent. The 
effect of the persecutions had been salutary in promoting in- 
trospection and zeal, but the transition of Christianity to a 
State religion was calculated to give to religion, later, more of 
an external and secular character. The heresies caused the 
withdrawal of many who were cold and wayward. 

As a specimen of the conversions of the time, we give a Church Father's 
personal experience, in his own expressive language : " It appeared to me ex- 
tremely hard to be born again to a new life, and to become another man, still 
keeping the same body. How can one at once get rid of rooted and hardened 
habits, which arise either from nature itself, or from long custom ? . . . I often 
held converse thus with myself; but when the life-giving water had washed 
away the sins of my past life, and my cleansed heart had received light from on 
high and the heavenly Spirit, I was amazed how my doubts vanished away ; 
all was open, all was clear, and I found easy what appeared to me impossible: 
namely, to acknowledge that whatsoever is born according to the flesh, and lives 
in crime, is of the earth ; and that whatsoever is enlivened by the Holy Spirit 
cometh from God." — Cyprian's Narrative of my Experience. 

10. Creeds. — The Apostles' Creed was the baptismal creed 
in the Roman and Italian Churches. The Mcene Creed was 
adopted by the universal Church, and was introduced, with 
the service of the eucharist, in the fifth and sixth centuries. 
Each Church possessed, and many exercised, the right of 
imposing its own liturgy by the adding of new rites and 
prayers. The present eucharistic service in the Church of 
England resembles the ancient Gallican. 

In the fourth century there were four forms of administering the communion, 
though thore was agreement in the main. 1. One form was common to the 
Churches in Judrea, Syria, Asia Minor, Macedonia, Greece. 2. Another in 
Egypt and Ethiopia. 3. A third in Ephesus, and afterward in France, Spain, 
and probably Britain. 4. A fourth in Rome, Italy, and Africa. 



Outline History of the Church. 31 

Death of Theodosius, and final division of the empire, a. d. 
Honorius emperor in the West, and Arcadius in the 395. 
East. 

• 11. Pelagianism.— Abuses.— Controversy between Pelagius 
and Augustine. Pelagius denied the doctrine of original sin, 
the total corruption of the human nature, irresistible grace, 
and absolute decrees of election. Opposed by Augustine, who 
contended for all these. Pelagius taught his views at Rome. 
His system condemned by the Synods of Mylene and Car- 
thage. Semi-Pelagianism in Gaul. Period of violent contro- 
versy, pompous ceremonial, rising secular power, and growing 
corruption of the Church. General religious decline. In- 
creasing wealth in the Church. Only a few heathen temples 
remained ; the heathen excluded from posts of honor. 

Rome plundered by Alaric the Goth. Southern a. d. 
Italy conquered by him. 410. 

For six days the streets of Rome ran with the blood of its citizens. Rich booty- 
was borne southward by Alaric's advancing troops. He died before passing 
over into Sicily at Cozenza, in Calabria. A river was turned aside to make a 
place in its bed for his grave, and when he was buried the water went into its 
former channel, and the prisoners who had buried him were slain, that no one 
might find out where the conqueror of Rome was buried. 



CHAPTER VI. 

AGE OF LEO THE GREAT. — SUPREMACY OF THE ROMAN CHURCH 
IN THE WEST. — CONTINUANCE OF CONTROVERSIES. — MOHAM- 
MEDANISM. 

A. D. 440-590. 

1. Leo the Great.— Controversy on the Natures of Christ. 
— Reign of Leo the Great, Bishop of Rome. He A. d. 
was distinguished for his extension of the power 440-461. 
of the Romish See, opposition to the claims of the patriarch 
of Constantinople, and successful defense of the orthodox 
faith against heretics and schismatics. "" Controversy on the 
union of the two natures in Christ. The Monophysites, or 
Eutychians, held that there was only one nature in Christ. 
Monophysitism condemned at the Council of Chalcedon. 

2. Capture of Rome. — Rome captured by the Yan- a. d. 
dais under Genseric. The Yandals and Moors pillaged 465. 



32 Outline History of the Church. 

the city without mercy. Its finest works of art destroyed; 
its bronzes and silver and gold articles melted down. Treas- 
ure and captives carried over the sea to Carthage. 

3. Downfall of the Western Roman Empire. — Irruptions 
of the barbarians in the West very prejudicial to learning and 
the safety of the Christian missionaries. Various parts of 
central and eastern Europe overspread by the Sclavi. Great 
vices among the clergy. The. oligarchy of the patriarchate 
of Rome gradually gave way to the monarchy of the Bishop 
of Rome. Beginning of the application of the title " Pope " 
to the Bishop of Rome. 

4. Eastern Empire.— The Franks. — Justinian I. Emperor 
in the East. Reign, A. D. 527-565. Great power and suc- 
cess of the Eastern empire. Justinian destroyed the remnants 
of paganism in his empire. The Franks subdued the Alle- 
mani, Bavarians, and Thuringians. Establishment of mo- 
nastic rules and institutes by Benedict of Nursia. 

a. d. Rome taken by Belisarius. The city remained in 
535. the power of the Greeks until 541. 

5. Clerical Celibacy.— Councils. — Celibacy of the clergy 
supported by edicts of Justinian in 530, 536, and 541. Both 
East and West held councils, those in the East being on 
points of theological controversy, and those in the West on 
matters of ecclesiastical discipline. The Scots christianized 
by Columba, of Ireland. 

6. Mohammedanism. — Mohammed born at Mecca, Arabia, 
in 569 or 570. 1. He declared himself a prophet, 609 ; 
2. Fled to Medina, 622 ; 3. Founded a new religion, based 
on the Koran, (collected by Abu Bekr in 635,) which he 
wrote ; 4. Conquered all Arabia ; died from poison, 632. He 
was succeeded by Caliphs, who carried their victories over 
vast regions, until Egypt, Syria, Persia, North Africa, Asia 
Minor, Northern India, all Spain, and the south of France 
were under their dominion. Charles Martel arrested the prog- 
ress of the Mohammedans in western Europe by a victory at 
Tours, France, A. D. 732. According to the monkish legends, 
three hundred thousand Moslems were killed. While the 
number slain was greatly exaggerated, the victory was yet com- 
plete and perpetual. Mohammedanism still prevails in the 



Outlike History of the Church. 



33 



northern half of Africa, Turkey in Europe, Arabia, Persia, 
the Holy La«nd, and Asia Minor. 

Six chief doctrines : 1. The one God. 2. Angels and archangels. 3. The Koran. 

4. The positive prophetical character of Mohammed and his successors. 

5. Eesurrection and the general judgment. 6. God's absolute predetermination 
of good and evil. The four great duties are: 1. Prayer. 2. Almsgiving. 
3. Fasting. 4. Pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina. 5. Polygamy. 6. Prohibi- 
tion to eat swine-meat. The ethical element is wanting in the'Mohammedan 

system. 

Roman Emperors. 
From the beginning of the Christian era to the fall of the 
Roman empire : 



First Century. 



A. D. 

Augustus b. c. 13-14 

Tiberius 14 

Calig-ula 37 

Claudius 41 

Nero 54 

Galba 68 

Otho 69 



Vitellius . . 
Vespasian, 

Titus 

Domitian. . 
ISTerva 
Trajan. . . . 



A.D. 
69 

69 
19 
81 
96 



Trajan 98 

Adrian 117 

Antoninus Pius 138 

Marcus Aurelius and L.Verus 161 



Second Century. 

Cornmodus 180 

Pertinax 193 

Severus 193 



Tlxird Century. 



Caracalla and Geta 211 

Macrinus 217 

Heliogabalus 218 

Alexander Severus 222 

Maximinus 235 

Gordian and his son 237 

Balbinus and Pupienus 238 

Gordian the Younger 238 

Philip the Arabian 244 

Decius 249 

Gallus and his son 251 

iErnilianus 253 

Valerian and his son 253 



Gallienus , 

Claudius II , 

Quintillus 

Aurelian 

Interregnum of nine months, 

Tacitus , 

Florianus , 

Probus , 

Cams 

Carinus and Numerianus. . . 

Diocletian 

Maximianus as colleague. . . , 



260 
268 
270 
270 
275 
275 
276 
276 
282 
283 
284 
286 



Fourth Century 

Constantius and Galerius .... 305 

Constantine the Great 306 

Constantine the Great, as sole 

Emperor 323 



Constantine II., Constans, and 

Constantius II 337 

Julian the Apostate 361 

Jovianus | 363 



u 



Outline History of the Church. 



Western Empire. 



A. D. 

Valentinian 364 

Gratian 367 



A. D. 

Valentinian II 375 

Honorins 395 



Eastern Empire. 

Valens 364 I Arcadius 395 

Theodosius 379 | 

Last Emperors of Rome. 



Honorius 395 

Valentinian III 425 

Maximus 455 

Avitus 456 

Majoriamus 457 

Libius Severus 461 



Anthemius 467 

Olybius 472 

Glycerins 473 

Julius Nepos 474 

Romulus Augustulus. . . 475, 476 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE AGE OP GREGORY THE GREAT — CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE 
CHURCH IN THE EAST AND WEST — DECLINE OF THE EAST- 
ERN CHURCH. 

A. D. 590-750. 

The countries of the West became a religious and political 
unity, while disintegration prevailed in the East, largely 
through the intrusion of Mohammedanism. In Europe the 
unity greatly promoted by the conversion of the Britons and 
the Germans. Growth of the worship of images and saints 
in the West. 

1. Gregory the Great. — Gregory the Great, Bishop of Rome, 
A. D. 590-604. He called himself the " Servant of the serv- 
a. d. ants of our Lord." He magnified the pretensions of 
590. the Roman See; revised the ritual; established the 
mass; promoted monastic life and institutions; patronized 
church music and ceremonial observances ; cultivated theo- 
logical literature, strict clerical discipline, and almsgiv- 
ing ; discouraged the liberal sciences ; and established 
purgatory as a positive doctrine. Gregory sent monks into 
Britain for the re-conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. He was 
incited to do so by the beauty of some English boys, whom he 
had seen in the Roman slave market. The mission conducted 
by the monk Augustine, first Archbishop of Canterbury. 




**4^%^C/ ar J* _b \ 

"Sen* 



Uaww. i. &ug-vcwjccl. foW 
Hurst's Outline of CImrck. Historyr 

MAP N?2. 

EUROPE 

IN THE TIME OF CHABLEMAGNE A.D. 771- 814 

1875. 

NELSON & PHILLIPS. NEWYORK, 
















-K H A 



If 1: iSH 



Outline History of the Church. 39 

2. Monotkelite Controversy.— The Monothelite controver- 
sy arose from Heraclius asserting that there were in Christ but 
one will and one mode of operation. The Duothelites held to 
two wills in Christ, because of his two natures. Growth of 
papal power in the West. Theodore, Bishop of Rome, as- 
sumed the title of Sovereign Pontiff. Ecclesiastical power 
predominated in the West, and civil in the East. 

3. Spread of the Gospel. — Complete conversion a. d. 
of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Chilian preached 67§. 
among the Franks, and Willibrord among the Dutch and 
Frisians. Winfrid preached in Thuringia and Hesse. He was 
consecrated archbishop of Rome under the name of Boniface. 
Beginning of the violent controversy on the use of images, 
which distracted the Church one hundred and twenty years, 
until A. D. 842. 

Saxon translation of John's Gospel by the Vener- a. d. 
able Bede. Death of Bede. Birth of Alcuirj, the 734. 
teacher of Charlemagne. Masses for the dead, the sick, 
and fine weather. Pilgrimages in high repute. Ecclesiasti- 
cal authority predominated over secular. 



PART II. 

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. 
A. D. 750-1517. 



CHAPTER I. 



BEGINNING, PROGRESS, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DARK 
AGES.— CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND THE EMPIRE. 

HILDEBRAND. 

A. D. 750-1517. 

1. The Middle Ages.— This is about the time when a. d. 
the Middle Ages commenced, though the transition had 75®. 
been going on nearly two centuries. They continued to the 
Reformation. The three leading achievements of this period 
were the full establishment of the papacy, the development 
of monastic orders, and, in the sphere of science, the growth 



40 Outline Histoky of the Chukch. 

of scholasticism. The important political events marking the 
beginning of the mediaeval period are : 

1. The end of the G-reek Exarchate in Italy, 752. 

2. Destruction of the Kingdom of the Lombards, 774. 

3. Organization of the Frank Empire under Pepin, and its alliance 
with the papacj. 

4. Rise of the new Germanic Church. 

5. Division of the Mohammedan Caliphate, 150. 

6. Decline of the Greek Empire. 

7. Development of the new Roman Empire of the "West. 

2. Pepin.— Eeign of Pepin, king of the Franks, 752-768. 
He was the first of the Carlovingian dynasty of France which 
a. d. succeeded the Merovingian. He gave to the pope cer- 
752, tain territory lying between Ancona and the Po, stretch- 
ing to the Apennines. This was the beginning of the tempo- 
ral sovereignty of the papacy. At Pepin's death the southern 
part of his kingdom was inherited by his son Carloman, and 
the northern by Charles, or Charlemagne — Charles the Great. 

3. Reign of Charlemagne. — Charlemagne, first as partic- 
ipant in the general government, and finally as the emperor 
a. d. of the West. He reigned A. D. 768-814. He propa- 
76§. gated Christianity among the Franks by force. Alcuin, 
his friend and adviser, commended milder measures, but to no 
purpose. He was sole emperor of the Franks A. D. 771. 
Carried on wars against the Saxons, Bohemians, and Huns. 
Gave increased grants of land to the papacy ; w T as, neverthe- 
less, acknowledged by the pope as supreme. Great patron 
of learning ; founded the University of Paris ; had the best 
books of theology, philosophy, and literature read to him; 
was himself a very diligent student, with Alcuin as teacher. 
He organized a revision and correction of the Latin version 
of the Scriptures. 

4. Controversies. — Rise of the Adoptian Controversy in 
Spain, that Christ is not the true Son of God, but, according 
a. d. to his human nature, Son of God only by adoption. 
7§7. This view was an accommodation to the prejudices of 
the Mohammedan inhabitants of Spain. Forgery of the false 
Isidorean decretals, granting important concessions to the 
papacy. The Aristotelian philosophy in high favor in the 
East. The establishment of transubstantiation — that the bread 



Outline Histoey of the Church. 41 

and wine at the Lord's Supper became really the body and 
blood of Christ. 

5. Alfred the Great. — Birth of Alfred the Great, a. d. 
king of England. He reigned A. D. 871-901. After 848. 
defeating his great rivals, the Danes, he held undisturbed 
dominion. He fortified his country, developed the talents of 
his people, encouraged learning, established the University of 
Oxford, and became the author of a number of works. He 
translated the Psalms into Saxon, and published the works of 
Orosius, Bede, Boethius, and the Pastoral of Gregory. The 
first pre-Norman period of English Church history begins with 
the mission of Augustine, and closes with the death of Alcuin 
at Tours, in France, 596-804. The second extends from Al- 
cuin to Dunstan, 804-928. The third covers the time from 
928-1066, or from Dunstan to the Norman conquest. 

6. Ruric— Schism between the East and the West— Found- 
ing of the Russian monarchy by Ruric. Formal begin- a. d. 
ning of the schism between the Church in the East and 862. 
that in the West, 867. Chief grounds of failure of attempts 
at reconciliation: 1. Claim of Rome to be the final court of 
appeals. 2. Which Church should rule in East Illyria and in 
Bulgaria. 3. Doctrines and rites, filioque controversy, celib- 
acy, images. Final separation of the Eastern Church from 
the Western, A. D. 1054. 

7. Eapid Spread of the Gospel.— Corruptions.— The Hun- 
garians, Bulgarians, Bohemians, Moravians, Wends and Scan- 
dinavians, evangelized. Increasing superstition in southern 
Europe. Great assumptions of power over the kings by the 
pope ; in part successful. Worship of saints very extravagant. 
Great corruption of the papacy. The papal chair obtained 
by the most corrupt means. Continued struggles between 
the See of Rome and the emperors. 

8. Papal Pretensions. — Great increase of papal a. d. 
prerogatives after beginning of tenth century. Mon- 900. 
asteries exempted from episcopal jurisdiction, and placed 
directly under the papacy. Power of the bishops declared 
to be derived from the pope alone. The pope claimed the 
prerogative to convene general councils. Appeals were taken 
from the councils to him. Learning at a low ebb. 

3 



42 Outline Histoey of the Church. 

A. d. Grants of Charlemagne to the pope confirmed by the 
963. emperor Oth o. 

A. d. End of the Carlovingian, and foundation of the 
9§7. Capetian, dynasty. 

a. d. 9. Gorman Conquest. — William of Normandy con- 

1066. quered England and founded a new dynasty. Harold, 
the last of the Saxon kings, defeated at Hastings. William 
refused to do homage to the pope for his dominions. 

A. D. 10. Hildebrand.— Reign of Pope Gregory VII., 

107S. (Hildebrand,) 1073-1085. He had controlled five 
popes before becoming one himself ; so soon as his plans 
were ripe he was elected by acclamation. He aimed to es- 
tablish a universal papal theocracy; endeavored to reform 
the clergy; and claimed absolute dominion over all the States 
of Christendom, as successor of St. Peter and vicar of Christ 
on earth. 

11. Henry IV. — The emperor Henry IY., of Germany, re- 
fused to submit to Pope Gregory "VII., and caused his depo- 
sition. The pope excommunicated him, and absolved the 
latter's subjects from allegiance. Henry then did penance, 
and submitted to the demands of Gregory, but afterward 
united with the Lombards in a war against him. Gregory 
again excommunicated Henry, and the latter set up another 
pope under the title of Clement III. Henry besieged Rome 
three years, and gained possession. Rome recovered to 
Gregory by Robert Guiscan. Death of Gregory at Salerno. 
The dispute between the emperors and the popes continued 
long after the death of the immediate contestants. It was 
the beginning of a movement which really culminated in the 
Reformation of the sixteenth century. 

a. d. 12. Wealth and Territory of the Church.— Pro- 
1134. test of Arnold of Brescia against the papal enormities. 
Immense wealth of the Church ; its territories supposed to be 
about half of the empire. Beginning of the great struggle 
between the rival factions, the Guelphs and Ghibellines. 
The fundamental doctrines conceded generally in the Church ; 
also, in addition thereto, papal authority, efficacy of indul- 
gences, transubstantiation, inexpediency of reading the Script- 
ures in the language of the people. 



Outline History of the Church. 43 



CHAPTEE II. 

THE CEUSADES. 
A. D. 1096-1272. 

1. Cause of the Crusades. — Owing to the oppressions of 
the Christians in Palestine, and especially of pilgrims thither, 
by the Mohammedan masters of the country, Western Europe 
began to agitate a crusade for the rescue of the land from 
their possession. They were inaugurated by Peter the Her- 
mit, of Amiens, France, who received a commission from the 
pope to preach in favor of them. He was heard with profound 
attention, and multitudes gathered about him. His person was 
regarded with sacred awe, and even the hairs of his head were 
gathered up as precious mementos. 

2. Order of the Crusades.— 1. First Crusade, A. D. 1096- 
1099. — Conducted by Walter the Penniless and Peter the 
Hermit; six armies engaged in the enterprise, 600,000 people 
in all. After the death of the first Crusaders there appeared 
the real warriors, under such leaders as Godfrey of Bouillon, 
Hugh the Great, Robert of Normandy, Tancred, Raymond of 
Toulouse. Capture of Jerusalem, July, 1098. Godfrey of 
Bouillon, King of Jerusalem. 

2. Second Crusade, A. D. 1147-1149. — Edessa captured by the 
Mohammedans, and Jerusalem threatened. Europe aroused 
by the eloquence of St. Bernard, Abbot of Ciairvaux. Two 
armies, consisting of 1,200,000 men, led by Louis VII., King 
of Prance, and Conrad III., emperor of Germany. Failure; 
return of the fragments to Europe, after utter inability to 
reduce Damascus. 

3. Third Crusade, A. D. 1189-1192.— Kingdom of Jerusalem 
terminated, in 1187, by the capture of the city by Saladin, 
the aspirant to universal Mohammedan supremacy. Crusade 
under Frederic Barbarossa, of Germany; Philip Augustus, 
king of France ; and Richard Cceur de Lion, of England. 



44 Outline History of the Church. 

Disunion among the Crusaders, but a treaty made with Sal- 
adin exempting the Christian pilgrims from taxes. 

4. Fourth Crusade, A. D. 1203. — Determined upon by Pope 
Innocent III. Christendom not in a condition to organize 
one. The beginnings of an army met at Venice, but never 
went to Palestine. Baldwin, Count of Flanders, leader. 
Some writers claim as the fourtii Crusade an expedition or- 
ganized in 1217 by Andrew II., of Hungary, who, supported 
by the kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus, took a fortress and 
some forts on Mount Tabor, and returned home in 1218. 

5. The Boy Crusade, A. D. 1212. — Conducted by Stephen 
of Vend6me, a shepherd boy. He was followed by 30,000 
children of about twelve years of age. They set sail from 
Marseilles for Palestine in seven ships ; two wrecked ; the re- 
mainder reached Egypt, where the children were sold as 
slaves. 

6. Fifth Crusade, A. D. 1228, 1229.— Commenced by Fred- 
erick II., emperor of Germany. Terminated in ten years by a 
treaty between him and the Sultan of Egypt, when Palestine 
was ceded to the emperor, who returned to Germany. 

7. Sixth Crusade, A. D. 1248. — Palestine invaded by Turks 
in 1244; Jerusalem captured and pillaged. Crusade con- 
ducted by Louis IX., (St. Louis,) of France. Taken prisoner 
by the Sultan of Egypt, but ransomed, and restored to lib- 
erty in 1250. 

8. Seventh Crusade, A. D. 1270-1272,— First undertaken by 
St. Louis, of France, but after his death, in Tunis, conducted 
by Edward I., of England. Failure; return of Edward to 
England. The country in possession of the Mohammedans. 

3. Benefits oi the Crusades. — Union of the conflicting 
nations of Europe for a common good; the equalization of 
the social classes ; development of maritime commerce ; inter- 
change of Eastern and Western thought ; introduction of 
Eastern arts and sciences into Europe ; growth of popular 
liberty in Europe ; organizations, such as the Knights of St. 
John, for the care of the wounded and sick. 



Outline History of the Church. 45 



CHAPTER HI. 

EEFOEJIATOEY MOVEMENTS. 
A. D. 1170-1457. 

1. Arnold of Brescia. — One of the earliest attempts at re- 
form was the protest of Arnold, of Brescia, in 1134, against 
the corruptions of the papacy. There was a deep-seated 
conviction in the most serious circles throughout the twelfth 
century, which continued until its development in the Refor- 
mation, that reform was necessary. 

2. The Waldenses.— They arose from Peter Waldo, A. D. 
1170, a citizen of Lyons, who taught that the Church had 
become corrupt; that the Gospel must be preached in sim- 
plicity and power; and that the Bible is its own best inter- 
preter, and the only infallible rule of life and doctrine. At 
first his followers were monks, but they developed into a 
distinct and pure community, which has continued in the 
Valleys of Piedmont to the present time. 

There is at present great activity in the Waldensian Church, owing to the 
freedom of Protestanf efforts in Italy. There are sixteen Churches, or general 
congregations, connected with the organization — ten in Italy, six in Switzerland, 
and'a strong colony in Rosario. a South American center of extreme Romanism. 
These locaf societies support an orphanage, two hospitals, a large number of 
private schools, four higher schools and colleges, and a theological seminary. 
This last is situated in Florence, and has nineteen students, there are three 
journals and one theological magazine published by the Waldenses. In 1855 
the legislative body of the denomination organized a missionary force, a kind of 
flying" artillery, for working in Italy alone. These missionaries have now de- 
veloped into great strength, and combine many elements of the Methodist itin- 
erancy. The number of missionaries exceeds that of the regular pastors. The 
"Waldensian day-schools in Italy are attended by 1.700 scholars, and there are 
thirty-eight Sunday-schools, wi'th 1.142 scholars". About each of the sixteen 
Churches there is a group of smaller ones, which might be called preaching 
places, or small societies. For example, the Waldenses have actually in Italy 
thirty-eight societies, two of these being in Rome. The total membership i*s 
from" 20.000 to 30,000, with 50 ordained ministers. — C£ Annuaire de VEglise 
Ecangelique Vauduis, pour 1571. 

3. The Cathari and Albigenses, organizations of similar 
character, were likewise persecuted. The former held opin- 
ions of Manichasan tendency, and members were found in 
every European country. The Lateran Council of 1179 de- 
clared against them. The Albigenses were free from Mani- 
chffian sympathies. They became very strong, particularly 



46 Outline History of the Church. 

among the laboring classes; but were excommunicated by 
the papal officers, and violently treated. 

4. Wiclif and the First English Reformers— Birth of 
John Wiclif, of Oxford, England, A. D. 1324. He made his 
first great effort at reform in the Church in his work on the 
" Last Age of the Church," which, with his many other writings 
against prevalent abuses, had great influence in preparing the 
way for the Reformation. He began his translation of the 
Bible into English in 1380; died 1384. Other English re- 
formers: Cranmer, Colet, Latimer, Hooper, Ridley. 

5. Huss and his Followers. — Birth of John Huss, of 
Bohemia, A. D. 1373. He adopted the teachings contained 
in Wiclif's writings, which Jerome Faulfisch, (Jerome of 
Prague,) who had just returned from Oxford, had brought 
with him. Huss preached boldly against the corruptions and 
errors of the Romish Church. First imprisoned, and after- 
ward summoned to the Council of Constance. Condemned at 
this place, and, together with' his writings, burned at the stake 
in 1415. Jerome was burned the following year. The Hussite 
war arose in Bohemia in consequence of the harsh treatment 
of the sympathizers with the views of Huss by the Roman 
Catholic authorities. 

6. Moravian Brethren. — Formation of the Church of the 
Bohemian (and Moravian) Brethren, A. D. 1457, from the 
remnant of the Hussites„or followers of Huss, who, since his 
death, had assumed somewhat of a political character. The 
Bohemian Brethren were afterward revived in the eighteenth 
century by Zinzendorf, and now exist as the Moravian Church. 

7. The Mystics.— About the middle of the fourteenth cen- 
tury a class of men called Mystics began to have great influ- 
ence in the Church. They opposed the subtle speculations 
of controversial writers, and laid great stress on the emotional 
nature and special communications of the Holy Spirit. The 
leaders were John Tauler, (died, 1361,) Henry Suso, (died, 
1465,) John Ruysbroek, (died, 1381,) Gerard Groot, (died, 
1384,) Raclewin, (died, 1400,) Thomas a Kempis, (died, 1471.) 

8. Savonarola and his Politico-Eeligious Reform — 
Jerome Savonarola preached in Florence against the abuses 
of Romanism, A. D. 1480-1497. His error was in combining 



Outline History of the Church. 47 

political measures with religious reform. He effected the 
downfall of the Medici, the ruling princely family ; suffered 
martyrdom in Florence in 1498. 



CHAPTER IV. 

LATTER PERIOD OP THE DARK AGES. — THE AGE OP INNOCENT 
AND THE COUNCILS. —DAWN OP REFORM IN THE CHURCH. 

A. D. 1198-1517. 

1. Mendicant Orders. — During this period monasticism 
reached its climax. For example, in France, the Abbacy of 
Clugny consisted of a separate Benedictine congregation, and 
grew to great proportions, standing in that country alone at 
the head of two thousand monasteries. The Carmelites in 
Italy were very numerous, and exerted great influence. The 
older Orders became secular and corrupt, and a number of 
mendicant Orders were established, not only as a reaction 
against the failure of the wealthy organizations to meet the 
spiritual exigencies of the times, but as a relief to the general 
dissoluteness of the Church. They w r ere encouraged by the 
papacy, which, in turn, w T as strengthened by the Orders. Dur- 
ing the thirteenth century there was a rapid increase of them, 
and this diminished their power and significance. By the 
Council of Lyons they were reduced from twenty-three to 
four: Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Hermits of 
Augustine. The Beguins and Beghards were condemned and 
persecuted. A few of the communities still exist in Belgium 
alone. 

2. Beginning of the Inquisition.— The first in- a. d. 
quisitorial measure adopted by the Roman Catholics 1229. 
was at the fourth Lateran Council (1215), against a revival of 
the Albigenses. But the Synod of Toulouse (1229) was the 
first body to organize a regular Inquisition. All so-called 
heretics were hunted out with cruel persistence, and any 
Romanist who*spared one was deprived of both office and 
property. Conrad of Marburg, the first Grand Inquisitor of 



48 Outline History of the Church. 

Germany, was slain by a German noble. Great contest be- 
tween the pope and the house of Hohenstaufen ; terminated 
in favor of the pope. 

3. Scholasticism. — Scholasticism arose in the schools' con- 
nected with the cathedrals and monasteries, and consisted in 
the application of dialectics to Christian theology. The 
Schoolmen held that theology could be developed by specu- 
lation, and that Christian truth could be made clear and 
forcible by logical analysis. The mediaeval universities were 
the centers of the scholastic disputations. The Schoolmen 
fell into two great divisions — the orthodox and skeptical. 
The writings of Aristotle underlay the whole scholastic sys- 
tem. The interpretation of the Scriptures was neglected in 
the Church during the supremacy of scholastic controversy. 

4. Thomists and Scotists. — Thomas Aquinas teaching at 
Paris. Controversy between Thomists (from Thomas Aquinas) 

a. d. and Scotists, (from Duns Scotus,) the former adopt- 
1252. ing, in philosophy, the system of Aristotle, and, in 
theology, the views of Augustine on sin and grace ; the latter, 
the Platonic philosophy and the semi-Pelagian theology. The 
Thomists denied the immaculate conception of the Virgin 
Mary, while the Scotists assumed it. 

a. d. Development of educational interests in England. 

1257. Founding of the University of Cambridge. 

5. Climax of the Papacy.— Schism.— The papal dominion 
at its utmost height. In the midst of the temporal prosperity 

a. d. of Roman Catholicism the influence of France over 
1270. the papacy became supreme, Clement V., before his 
election, having formed a secret compact with Philip the Fair, 
of France. He removed the seat of the papacy to Avignon, 

a. d. France. The great schism in the papacy lasted nearly 
13©§. seventy years, from 1309 to 1377, when Gregory XI f 
removed the papal court again to Rome. There were rival 
popes at Rome and Avignon. This whole period was marked 
by great dissoluteness. The Romanists call it their Baby- 
lonian Captivity. 

a. d. End of the Eastern, or Greek, empire. Constanti- 

1453. nople captured by the Turks under Mohammed II. 
The Christians granted religious freedom. 



Outline History of the Church. 49 

6. Councils. — During the fifteenth century a large number 
of Church councils were held, some favoring a reform in the 
Church, and others bearing on the papal schism. Two of the 
most important were those at Constance, 1414, 1415; and at 
Basle, 1431-1437. Fruitless results of all the councils and of 
every attempt at reform in the Komish Church. The papacy 
remained purely temporal and corrupt, and the incumbents 
were more heathen than Christian in their morals and schemes. 

Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. a. d. 
He professed to be animated by a desire to propa- 1493. 
gate the Christian faith. Conquest of Granada, the last Mo- 
hammedan stronghold in Spain, by King Ferdinand. 



PART III. 

THE MODERN PERIOD. 
A. D. 1517 1875. 



CHAPTER I. 



THE REFORMATION. — WARS OF THE PAPACY AND PROTESTANT- 
ISM. FROM LUTHER TO THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA. 

A. D. 1517-1648. 

1. The Reformation.— Causes.— Luther.— There were vari- 
ous causes contributing to the growth of the spirit of religious 
reform : Rise of Humanism, or the study of classical science, 
(Rcuchlin, Colet, Erasmus, More ;) invention of the art of 
printing ; discovery of America ; growth of the desire for 
popular liberty ; increase of intelligence among the masses. 

Inauguration of the German Reformation by the a. d. 
publication of Luther's ninety-five theses. 1517. 

2. German Reformers. — 1. Luther.— Martin Luther was 
born at Eisleben, Germany, 1483 ; studied at Erfurt, 1501-4 ; 
taught at Wittenberg, 1508 ; visited Rome, 1511 ; .published 
his theses, 1517 ; burnt.the pope's bull against him, 1520 ; sum- 
moned for defense to the Diet at Worms, 1521 ; published his 



50 Outline History of the Church. 

translation of the New Testament, 1523; married Catharine 
von Bora, 1535 ; published a complete and thoroughly re- 
vised translation of the entire Bible in 1542; died at the 
place of his birth, 1546. 

2. Melanclithon. — Philip Melanchthon, the greatest theo- 
logian of the Reformation and coadjutor of Luther, born 
1497 ; taught at Tubingen University, 1514 ; called to Witten- 
berg, 1418; published his "Loci Theologici, , ' 1521; issued 
commentaries on the New Testament and parts of the Old ; 
framed the Augsburg Confession, which gave a doctrinal 
basis to the Reformation, 1530 ; was long the trusted friend 
of Luther; died, 1560. 

3. Erasmus. — Erasmus, of Rotterdam, born in 1467. In his 
satirical work, "Praise of Folly," he held up the abuses of 
Romanism to contempt, and contributed greatly to the prep- 
aration for the work of Luther. He revived the critical 
study of the Bible, especially the New Testament, for the 
first time since the patristic period. He often vacillated 
between Rome and Wittenberg ; general influence was favor- 
able to the Reformation. Died 1536. 

4. Princes. — Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony; his 
successor, John the Steadfast; "and Philip of Hesse. The 
number of knights and other noblemen who joined the Prot- 
estant cause rapidly increased. Many of them were personal 
friends of the reformatory theologians. 

3. Swiss Reformers. — 1. Zwingli.— \J\iic Zwingli, born in 
1484, preached against the worship of the Virgin Mary at 
Einsiedeln, 1516 ; died, 1530. Bullinger was his successor. 

2. Calvin, — John Calvin, born in France, 1509 ; fled because 
of his Protestant principles to Basle, 1534 ; published his " Insti- 
tutes," 1536 ; lived in Geneva, 1536-1538 ; then banished, and 
resided in Strasburg, 1538-1541; returned to Geneva, 1541, 
and lived there until his death, 1564. Theodore Beza, born 
1519, died 1601, was his successor in extending and building 
up the Swiss Reformation. 

3. Farel. — William Farel, born, 1489; native of the French 
Alps ; pioneer of the Reformation in Dauphine and Switzer- 
land ; a most intrepid assailant of the Roman Catholic 
Church ; died, 1565. 



Outline Histoey of the Church. 55 

4. Extension of the Reformation.— Rapid spread of the 
Reformation in the German countries, Switzerland, Holland, 
Scandinavia, Great Britain, France, Northern Italy, Poland, 
Hungary, and Transylvania. Persecution of the Protestants 
every-where, but most violent in Holland, France, and Italy. 
There were attempts at reform in Spain and Portugal, but of a 
transient character. 

Coronation of Charles V., Emperor of Germany, the a. d. 
great opponent of the Reformation. Pope Leo X. 1520. 
allied himself with him for the suppression of Protestantism. 

Formation at Nuremberg of the Catholic or Holy a. d. 
Alliance, a league between the emperor and the Ro- 153§. 
man Catholic princes against the Protestants for eleven years. 

5. Order of Jesuits. — Organization of the Society a. d. 
of Jesus, (Jesuits.) Ignatius Loyola, the first chief 1540. 
of the Order. Its object was to support and promote the 
Roman Catholic religion by dividing and counteracting the 
growing Protestantism, and, by indefatigable missionary la- 
bors, to gain great territorial advantages. Francis Xavier, 
the greatest Jesuit missionary. The ethical creed of the 
Order : 1. The end sanctifies the means ; 2. Probabilism ; 
3. Mental reservations ; 4. Distinction between philosophical 
and theological sins. 

Council of Trent, 1545-1563. The object of this A. d. 
council was to counteract the Reformation. 1545. 

Defeat of the Protestants at Muhlberg, and termination of 
the Schmalkaldic War, which had been entered upon a. d. 
by Luther's followers shortly after his death. Tedi- 1547. 
ous controversies in the Protestant Church of Germany and 
Switzerland succeeding the Reformation, and inducing a period 
of great religious decline. Among them were the Adiaphor- 
istic, Synergistic, and Crypto-Calvinistic controversies. 

6. The English Reformation.— Its commencement was 
connected with political affairs. Henry VIII. , of England, 
became involved in difficulty with the pope, Clement VII. , 
because of the latter's hesitation in declaring the king's mar- 
riage with. Catharine of Arragon illegal. This was the begin- 
ning of the alienation of the royal family from the papacy. 
During Henry's reign Roman Catholicism lost its main hold 



56 Outline Histoky of the Chukch. 

on England; the pope's supremacy was rejected; monasteries 
suppressed ; the Bible circulated in the language of the 
people ; a religious formulary adopted. Some Romish prac- 
tices and doctrines were, however, retained even at liis death, 
such as the seven sacraments, the corporeal presqpace in the 
eucharist, denial of the cup to the laity, auricular confession, 
celibacy of the clergy, and nearly the whole ceremonial of 
the mass. Yet these were, in doctrine, eliminated from the 
English Church. 

7. English Reformers. — Ridley and Latimer, English re- 
formers, burnt at the stake at Oxford during the reign of 

a. d. Queen Mary, the successor of Edward VI;, who had 
1555. followed Henry VIII. Cranmer suffered martyrdom 
in 1556. Mary persecuted the Protestants with greaft violence. 
John Rogers, burned at Srnithfield, was the first victim ; then 
came Bishops Hooper and Ferrar, Dr. Rowland Taylor, 
Laurence Saunders, and others. Many leading reformers, 
at least one thousand, were exiled, some going to Stras- 
burg, others to Zurich, Geneva, and Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
Among them were Bishops Poinet, Barlow, Scory, Coverdale, 
and Bale. 

Under the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603) Protestant- 
ism became established in England, though efforts were still 
made to reinstate Roman Catholicism. 

8. The Puritans. — The English Puritans, probably derived 
from Puritani, or Cathari, of the third century, dissented 
from certain forms and doctrines of the Church of England; 
some inclined to the opinions of Luther, others to those of 
Calvin. They objected to many things in the Book of Com- 
mon Prayer ; to kneeling at the sacrament ; to the cross in the 
baptismal service ; to sponsors, and to lay baptism ; to bow- 
ing at the name of Jesus ; to the episcopacy, and forms of 
prayer. The English Puritans are represented in our day 
chiefly by the Independents, or Congregationalists. Landing 
of the Mayflower, with the first pilgrim colonists, one hun- 
dred and two in number, at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. 
By 1648 there were 21,000 inhabitants, chiefly Puritan, in New 
England. 

During the former half of the seventeenth century the Crown 



Outline Histoey of the Chuech. 57 

and Parliament of England were in perpetual conflict. At last 
the Presbyterians, and then the Independents, under Crom- 
well, gained possession of the realm. 

9. Arminius.— Synod of Dort.— James Arminius, bom 1560. 
He went in 1582 to Geneva, where he was instructed by Theo- 
dore Beza; preacher at Amsterdam, 1588; professor at Ley- 
den, 1603; died, 1609. He rigidly opposed the predes- 
tinarian views of the Calvinists. He was falsely accused 
of Arianism and Pelagianism. He was an earnest defender 
of religious toleration ; in fact, " the Arminians of Hol- 
land were the real fathers of religious toleration on the 
Continent; they were the first society of Protestants, who, 
when in possession of power, granted the same liberty of 
conscience for others which they claimed for themselves." 
Public conference between Arminius and Gomarus, 1609. 
After the death of the former his opinions spread rapidly. 
Uitenbogaard and Episcopius at the head of the Arminians. 
Arminian tenets began to prevail in England. Synod of 
Dort, in Holland, 1618, 1619. Its decrees strictly Calvinistic. 
Toleration was refused the Remonstrants until the death of 
Maurice, 1630. Its resolutions were adopted in portions of 
the Netherlands, France, Switzerland, and parts of Germany, 
but not by the Anglican Church. The provinces of Fries- 
land, Zealand, Utrecht, Guelderland, and Groningen rejected 
its decisions. 

10. Persecution of the Huguenots.— Massacre of a. d. 
French Protestants (Huguenots) on St. Bartholomew's 1572. 
Night, at Paris; 70,000 people killed. Great rejoicings and 
public thanksgiving at Rome. Issue of the Edict of Nantes, 
1598, securing to the French Protestants the free exercise of 
their religion. 

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685. The French Re- 
formers were then greatly persecuted ; many put to death ; 
multitudes driven into exile ; churches destroyed. 

The Gunpowder Plot in London, 1605, designed to pro- 
mote the interests of the Catholics. 

Founding of Jamestown, Virginia, the first English a. d. 
town in North America, by the London Company. 1607, 
The Dutch on Manhattan Island, (New York,) 1613. 



58 Outline History of the Church. 

11. Self-Defense of Rome— Among the measures used by 
Rome at the close of the sixteenth and beginning of the 
seventeenth centuries were the following: The Inquisition; 
prohibition and expurgation of books of Protestant pro- 
clivity ; missionaries, Jesuits, and congregations ; political in- 
trigues. The outbreak of the long-suppressed social and 
political conflicts between Romanism and Protestantism was 
at hand. 

12. Thirty Years' War.— This was the first general European 
war. It arose chiefly from the conflicts between the Protest- 

a. d. ants and Catholics concerning the territorial 

1618-1648. distribution of the German empire. Parties: 
1. Catholics : The Emperor of Germany, The League, Spain, 
Belgium, Italy, and Poland. 2. Protestants : The Protestant 
States of Germany, Holland," England, Denmark, and Sweden. 
Gustavus Adolphus, the leader of the Protestant forces, fell at 
the battle of Liitzen, 1631. In 1632 the Protestants were re- 
inforced by France, thus converting the war from a religious 
to a political one. By the Peace of Westphalia (1648) a large 
measure of power was transferred from the emperor of Ger- 
many to national diets ; the Peace of Augsburg (1552) and that 
of Passau (1555) were confirmed ; twenty-four Protestants were 
admitted to the imperial chamber ; Calvinists and Lutherans 
were placed on an equal footing; the equilibrium of Europe was 
effected by the destruction of the predominance of Austria ; 
and complete religious liberty was granted the Protestants. 



CHAPTER II. 

FROM THE PEACE OP WESTPHALIA TO THE WESLEYAN REVI- 
VAL. THE PERIOD OF RELIGIOUS INDIFFEEENCE AND 

AWAKENING. 

A. D. 1648-1739. 

At the close of the Thirty Years' War there was moral 
and material prostration throughout Germany. Poverty pre- 
vailed on all sides ; desperation was the chief sentiment of 
the popular mind. 



Outline History of the Church. 59 

1. Pietism. — The first great movement in Protestant Ger- 
many that indicated religious revival was inaugurated by 
Spener, (born in 1635,) the founder of Pietism. He established 
the popular interpretation of the Scriptures, lay preaching, 
Bible classes, and smaller circles of religious people for edifi- 
cation — eccleriolce, in ecclesia. A. H. Fran eke, founder of the 
Orphan House at Halle, and Professor in the new University 
of the same city, was his successor. 

2. English Deism.— Death of Thomas Hobbes, a. d. 
the most voluminous writer of the English Deistical 16T9. 
school. He argued that might constitutes right, and that 
Christianity is a fable. Other Deists : Lord Herbert, (died, 
1648;) Charles Blount, (died, 1697;) Earl of Shaftesbury, 
(died, 1713;) Toland, (died, 1722;) Wollaston, (died, 1724;) 
Collins, (died, 1729;) Mandeville, (died, 1733;) Woolston, 
(died, 1733;) Tindal, (died, 1733;) Morgan, (died, 1743;) 
Chubb, (died, 1747;) Lord Bolingbroke, (died, 1751;) Hume, 
(died, 1766;) Gibbon, (died, 1794.) 

3. Replies to the Deists.— Important replies to the De- 
ists were written by Stillingfleet, Baxter, Cudworth, Taylor, 
Bentley, Sherlock, Chandler, Stackhouse, Waterland, Leland, 
Conybeare, Bishop Butler, ("Analogy,") Paley, and Bishop 
"Watson, ("Apology for the Bible.") Many of the replies, 
however, were very feeble, contained serious concessions, 
and were actually injurious to the cause they were designed 
to promote. Bishop Butler's was by far the best, and its 
service was of incalculable magnitude. 

The English Revolution. William and Mary on a. d. 
the English throne. !6§§. 

4. Swedenborgianism. — Birth of Swedenborg, (1688,) 
founder of the New Jerusalem Church, or Swedenborgians. 
The first period of his life was occupied in scientific pursuits, 
and was in the employ of the Swedish Government as super- 
intendent of mines. Relinquishing these studies, he engaged 
solely in religious speculations. He professed to have inter- 
course with the spiritual world, and gave minute descriptions 
of it ; distinguished between the Divine Word and Scripture, 
the spirit and the letter ; he claimed that the epistles of Paul, 
Peter, James, and John lack the Divine sense. 



60 Outlike History of the Church. 

5. Missions to Foreign Countries.— The Dutch, who had 
an extensive commerce in the East Indies, established missions 

a. d. in Ceylon and Java. The Danes founded a mission 
1697, on the coast of Tranquebar, in the East Indies. The 
Roman Catholics hoped, by inaugurating missions, to regain 
the territorial control which they had. lost in Europe by Prot- 
estantism ; they sent missionaries to all the lands formerly 
occupied by the Eastern Church, and to China, Japan, Africa, 
and South America. 

6. Moravianism. — Founding of the Moravian Church, or 
United Brethren, by Count Zinzendorf, born in Saxony, 1700. 

a. d. He traveled through Europe and in America to bind 
1722. together dispersed Christians. He died in 1760. The 
Moravians established missions early in various lands : in 
Greenland in 1722, and, in ten years, others in Africa and the 
East and West Indies. 

7. Wesley, and English Methodism.— General religious 
decline in England. French frivolity and native Deism 
prevailed in the upper classes ; the lower were vicious and 
neglected. The clergy were ungodly. Reform took place 

a. d. through the Wesleyan movement. Organization of 
1739. the British Wesleyan Church. Birth of John Wes- 
ley, the founder of Methodism, at Epworth, England, in 1703. 
He began his studies at Oxford in 1729, and became a Fellow 
there ; labored among the poor and neglected, and was at the 
head of a small society of pious young men, called, in con- 
tempt, the "Holy Club," of which his brother Charles and 
George Whitefield were members. He went to Georgia as a mis- 
sionary in 1735, and returned in two years to England ; was 
converted through the influence of Jacob Bohler, a Moravian, 
in 1738, and founded the first Methodist society in the fol- 
lowing year. The societies multiplied rapidly, though the 
use of the churches of the Establishment was denied John 
Wesley, Whitefield, and their coadjutors. John Wesley died 
in 1791. While both the brothers wrote many hymns, Charles 
Wesley's chief contribution to the growth of Methodism lay 
in this department. He was born 1708, and died 1788. 
George Whitefield, born 1714, died 1770. John Fletcher, 
born 1729, died 1785. The last was the leading contro- 



Outline History, of the Church. 61 

versial writer in early Methodist history. Joseph Benson, 
preacher and commentator, born 1748, died 1821. Adam 
Clarke, the chief commentator and linguist of Methodism, 
born 1762, died 1832. Richard Watson, bora 1781, and died 
in 1833. He was the author of the doctrinal standard of 
Methodism, the " Theological Institutes." 



CHAPTER III. 

SKEPTICISM AND REACTION. — THE EUROPEAN CHURCH PROM 
THE WESLEYAN REVIVAL TO THE PRESENT TIME. 

A. D. 1739-1874. 

The latest period of the history of the European Church 
has been distinguished by remarkable movements. The 
skepticism of Germany, French atheism, Dutch pantheism, 
and English deism, affected every class of society and each 
department of thought and life. The French Revolution of 
1789, violent as it was, was the means by which feudalism 
was first swept away from Europe. Though the immediate 
effect was the production of the centralized Napoleonic su- 
premacy, the remote result was the increase of popular liberty 
in the various countries. The old doctrine of the divine right 
of kings fully lost its hold. The last series of wars began 
with the Crimean War — one of the greatest blunders and most 
unnecessary conflicts in modern history — and terminated with 
the late war between Germany and France, and the fall of 
the French Empire. 

1. German Rationalism. — Rationalism is a. d. 

that tendency of thought which makes the 1750-1S00. 
reason the sole umpire in all matters of faith. The philoso- 
phy of Leibnitz and Wolf, strengthened by that of Descartes 
and Spinoza, gave German Rationalism its first philosophical 
basis. It Was strengthened and endowed with a grosser type 
of unbelief by the Frenchmen Bayle, Montesquieu, Baron 
d'Holbach, Rousseau, and Voltaire. The court of Frederick 
the Great of Prussia exerted a skeptical influence upon the 
whole of Europe. Semler, born 1721, died 1791, became 
4 



62 Outline History of the Church. 

Professor of Theology in Halle in 1751. He was the real 
founder of German Rationalism in its relation to theology. 
Other promoters of Rationalism were Ernesti, Baumgarten, 
Morns, Eichhorn, and Bahrdt. It continued in full force until 
Schleiermacher, (born 1768, died 1834,) who marked the 
transition from the old infidelity to moderate orthodoxy. 
Neander, the Church historian, was the initial character of 
the new evangelical period. Strauss and the Tubingen school 
have been the agents of a revival of Rationalism in Germany. 
Strauss' Life of Jesus, published in 1835, was an attempt to 
dissolve the whole career of Christ into myth. His latest 
work, " The Old and the New Faith," is the boldest skep- 
tical production of his life. He died in 1874. The incon- 
sistent and gloomy creed of Strauss, as expressed by him 
in his latest production, is well described as follows by the 
Rev. B. P. Bowne :— 

1. I believe there is no God. 2. I believe there is no soul. 3. I believe that 
religion springs from selfish fear. 4. I believe that such a religion can develop 
the loftiest and most unselfish lives. 5. I believe in the cosmos, which is at 
once a product of blind necessity and also five; which is nothing bat matter, 
yet has aims, plans, reason; which seeks to transcend itself, and actually suc- 
ceeds. 6. I believe that man is a product of necessity, and that he ought to 
rule the nature which governs him. I believe that he cannot do otherwise than 
he. does, but that he ought to do otherwise. I believe that the cosmos is a 
machine, and that man ought to resign himself with loving trust and sub- 
mission to it. 7. I believe that art is more than an equivalent for the Bible. 
8 I believe that all who are not satisfied with these teachings are low in the 
mental and moral scale. 9. I believe that cause and effect are one ; as, 
otherwise, I should be under the disagreeable necessity of believing in God. 

The German Protestant Association, headed by Schenkel 
of Heidelberg, is a new organization of skeptics within the 
German Church. Their only good service is a persistent 
effort to divorce Church and State in the German empire. 
The tendencies of German Rationalism are at present mate- 
rialistic, and, as before, pantheistic. 

2. Replies to the Rationalists.— The chief German replies 
are by Neander, Tholuck, Mtzsch, Ullmann, Riggenbach, Van 
Oosterzee, Dorner, Lange, Pressense, and others. Some of 
their works have been translated into English. These replies 
to the rationalistic writers constitute the strongest apologet- 
ical literature of the Church since the fourth century, and 
are of invaluable worth to Christian theology. The main 
point of attack and defense is the Gospel history. 



Outline Histoky of the Chuech. P>7 

German War of Liberation from the suprem- a. d. 

acy of Napoleon Bonaparte. Battle of "Water- 1813-1§15. 
loo, and restoration of Louis XVIII. to the French throne. 

3. State Church of Prussia. — The Evangelical a. d. 
Union established in Prussia. This is the Protest- 1817. 
ant State Church of that country, and consists of an accom- 
modation, or union, of the Reformed, or Calvinistic, with the 
Lutheran bodies, which had hitherto existed separately. 

4. The Irvingites. — A sect founded by Edward a. d. 
Irving, (born 1792, died 1834,) of Scotland. He 1832. 
preached in the Caledonian Chapel in London; founded his 
Society (the Irvingites) in 1832. He was a preacher of rare 
gifts ; believed in special endowments of the Spirit, such as 
the gift of tongues; and contended for the renewal of the 
supposed apostolic offices in the Church. There is a feeble 
body of Irvingites in Germany. 

5. The Tractarian Movement.— Between 1833 and a. d. 
1841 there was published at Oxford, England, a series 1§33. 
of tracts, which gave rise to the Tractarian movement, or 
High-Church party, in the later history of the Church of 
England. It culminated in Tract No. 90, by J. H. Newman, 
who subsequently became a pervert to Romanism. Pusey, 
Keble, and Newman were the Tractarian leaders. The double 
effect of the movement has been to cause many members of 
the Established Church either to become Roman Catholics, 
or, remaining in their own fold, to become extreme ritualists. 

The secessions to Rome in 1850-51 were over one hundred 
clergymen; in 1852 there were over two hundred clergy, and 
as many laity. The present distinctions in the Church of 
England may be denned as follows : High-Church, (ritualistic, 
Puseyite) ; Low-Church, (Evangelical and active) ; First Broad- 
Church, (moderately rationalistic) ; Second Broad-Church, (re- 
jecting authority, thoroughly rationalistic.) 

6. Evangelical Alliance. — Formation of the Evan- a. d. 
gelical Alliance in London. All Evangelical Churches 1 § 40. 
represented in it. The last general session held in New York, 
October 1, 1873. The following is the doctrinal basis of the 
Society: — 

1. The Divine inspiration, authority, and sufficiency of the 



68 Outline Histoey of the Chuech. 

Holy Scriptures. 2. Right and duty of private judgment in 
interpretation of the holy Scriptures. 8. Unity of the God- 
head, and trinity of the persons therein. 4. Depravity oi 
human nature in consequence of the Fall. 5. Incarnation ol 
the Son of God ; his work of atonement for sinners and man- 
kind, and his mediatorial intercession and reign. 6. Justifi- 
cation of sinners by faith alone. 7. Work of the Holy Spirit 
in the conversion and sanctification of the sinner. 8. Immor- 
tality of the soul, resurrection of the body, judgment of the 
world by our Lord Jesus Christ, with the eternal blessedness 
of the righteous and the eternal punishment of the wicked. 
9. Divine institution of the Christian ministry, and the obli- 
gation and perpetuity of the ordinances of Baptism and the 
Lord's Supper. 

7. Later History of Roman Catholicism. — Declaration by 
Pope Pius IX. of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. 

A. d. The controversy on this subject began in the Romish 
1854. Church in 1140, and it has not yet ceased. The Jan- 
senist Bishops united in a protest against the dogma, in 1856. 

a. d. The Vatican Council at Rome. It was managed 
1869. by the Jesuits. The infallibility of the Pope was 
declared a permanent dogma of Roman Catholicism. This 
was resisted by some of the principal members of the Coun- 
cil, but to no purpose. 

8. The Old Catholics. — Opposition in Germany to the de- 
crees of the Vatican Council took shape in the formation of the 
Old Catholic Church in 1871. Dollinger, Huber, and Fried- 
rich, of Munich, stand at the head of the movement. It is a 
strong protest against the extreme measures and retrogressive 
spirit of Rome, and has already attained the magnitude of a 
schism. The Old Catholics have increased with great rapid- 
ity. There are at present about twenty thousand families of 
this faith already in Germany, which, reckoned at four mem- 
bers to a family, would give a population of eighty thousand. 
There are about seventy priests. In Bonn University there are 
Old Catholic professors engaged in teaching theology. In 
Switzerland the Old Catholics have organized under the name 
of the Swiss Catholic Christian Church, and have submitted 
their constitution to the approval of the Government. It 



Outline Histoey of the Chuech. 69 

provides for a National Synod to meet annually, and to be com- 
posed of the bishops, the members of the Synodal Council, all 
the Old Catholic priests, and lay delegates. The Synodal 
Council is to consist of nine members, and is to have execu- 
tive functions. The Synod is charged with the election of 
bishops. 

The following is a summary of the principles of the Old Catholics : Repudiation 
of doctrines of Irnmaculate'Conception and Papal Infallibility ; modified confes- 
sional, with repudiation of priestly power to forgive sins; faith, not works, the 
means of salvation ; the Holy Scriptures as the primary rule of faith ; rejection 
of the Apocrypha; requirement of preaching in the vulgar tongue; untena- 
bility of merit of saints transferable to others; baptism and the Lord's Supper 
are the chief sacraments ; invocation of the saints not a duty ; and indulgences 
can only refer to penalties inflicted by the Church itself. 

The Central Committee of the Old Catholics of North Germany have issued the 
following bold protest, with the approval of the Prussian Government : " The 
essence of Ultramontanism is the Eomanization of the entire Catholic Church 
and its subjugation to Roman forms; and the dogma of the ISth of July, 1870 — 
the Infallibility of the Pope — merely an attempted legalization and defense 
of all that is corrupt, and of the Jesuitical policy that endeavors to awaken 
a blind fanaticism for the re-establishment of the temporal power of the 
"Viceroy of God." One portion of the Catholic world turns away with disgust 
from this Ultramontanism, and thus the Church is divided into two parties, 
and in danger of being relegated either to Paganism or Atheism. But in this 
war the State itself is powerless to subdue the hatred instilled against it. The 
State can only avail itself of repressive measures, which only serve to embitter 
its enemies. The State itself requires assistance, and this assistance Old 
Catholicism alone can give it. This Old Catholicism is not, as is often said, 
only an association of those Catholics who protest against the dogma of Infalli- 
bility, but it is the positive essence of our faith that our leaders have emanci- 
pated from Roman distortion, and to which the dogma of Infallibility has only 
given a concrete existence. A German scholar of the first rank, and a true 
Catholic, described Catholicism as being the strength of the Papacy, but the 
Papacy as the weakness of Catholicism. Hitherto we have forgiven the Papacy 
many crimes for the sake of the Church, in consideration of its universality and 
historical continuity. But the 18th of July has created an impassable gulf. 
Catholicism is being freed from the parasite that has been exhausting it ; it can 
now follow its ideal. We, therefore, call upon all Catholics who have not yet 
identified themselves with the Ultramontane cause to abandon their passive atti- 
tude, and to support the Government in its enormous difficulties, more than 
the Parliament or the Press can do, simply by inscribing their names as Old 
Catholics and as members of the nearest Old Catholic congregation." 

Father Hyacinthe does not contend for a separation from 
Roman Catholicism, but for purification of the main body in 
all its members. He has been, until very lately, preaching in 
Geneva; his auditors formally excommunicated by Pius IX. 
He has now resigned his charge, in consequence of differences 
with his brethren, but preaches in his own house. 

9. Franco-German War. — The war between a. d. 
France and Germany resulted in the defeat of France, 1§70. 
and the revival of the German Empire, with William I. , king 
of Prussia, as emperor of Germany. The French troops being 



70 Outline History of the Church. 

withdrawn from Rome for duty at home, the army of Victor 
Emanuel entered the city. Rome became, in 1871, the capital 
of Italy, and is now open to all Protestant confessions. The 
Scotch Free Church, the British Wesleyan, the American 
Methodist Episcopal, and others, have already erected chapels 
and commenced services within the walls. The Bible is free. 

The following statement of Eev. Mateo Prochet, of the Waldensian Church, will 
show very clearly the activity of the Protestant world in prosecuting- missionary 
work in Italy, and particularly in Eome: There are seven distinct missions at 
work in Italy, namely : 1. The Methodist Episcopal, from the United States 
of America. 2. The' American Baptists. 3. The English Baptists. 4. The 
English Wesleyan Methodists, divided into two districts, North and South. 
5. A portion of the Free Churches, united in an organization called " Chiesa 
Libera," presided over by a committee, whose foremen are Messrs. M'Dougall 
(Scotch) and Gavazzi. 6. The Free Churches which would not unite with Ga- 
vazzi and his friends, and which form a kind of confederation chiefly, if not 
solely, supported through the instrumentality of Count Guicciardini, of Flor- 
ence. 7. The ancient Italian Church, known by the name of " Chiesa Valdese," 
or Waldensian Church. The total membership of the Mission Churches at 
work in Italy is 4,SS2, of which number 2,175 belong to the Waldensians. 
They employ one hundred missionary agents as pastors, evangelists, and school- 
teachers. 



CHAPTER IV. 

THE CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES. — CHRISTIANITY IN CON- 
NECTION WITH REPUBLICAN INSTITUTIONS. 

A. D. 1607-1875. 

1. Religious Character of American Colonization.— The 

discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, was 
the beginning of an important era in the development of 
ecclesiastical and religious life. The new land was regarded 
by the defeated and oppressed adherents of various faiths in 
Europe as their only possible home. Not the love of adven- 
ture or gold was the prime cause of the colonization of this 
country, but the love of religious liberty and obedience to 
the conscience. The most of the colonists were religious 
people. The charter of the first colony, Virginia, provided 
that this colony should have a religious character. The Cava- 
liers came to Virginia and, with the Huguenots and German 
Protestants, the Carolinas; the Puritans to Massachusetts; 
the Baptists to Rhode Island; the Swedes to Delaware and 
New Jersey ; the Roman Catholics to Maryland ; and perse- 



Outline History of the Church. 71 

cuted Bohemians and Huguenots to New York. Bancroft 
says: "The history of our colonization is the history of the 
crimes of Europe." 

The New World furnished a new sphere of development for the Christian 
Church. The whole period from 1492 to 1T76 was only the planting of 
the seed for the future and real growth. The Ancient 'Church, from" the 
time of Constanrine, was subject to the State. The Mediaeval Church was 
ever contending with the empire for supremacy. The Modern European 
Church is a union of Church and State. The American Church was to be- 
come free from the State, and its history down to the American Revolution is 
a history of its preparation for this decisive change, and for the new era in the 
general progress of Christianity. The New World was from the beginning a 
refuge for Protestantism, though its earliest colonization was under Roman 
Catholic auspices. The Antilles, Central and South America, and Florida, be- 
came subject to Spain and Portugal; Acadia, (Nova Scotia.) Canada, the north- 
ern lake region, and the Mississippi Valley, were under French sway more than a 
century; but the temperate zone, the heart of the northern continent, was kept 
in reserve for England, Holland, the German emigrants, and the persecuted 
Huguenots. The Spaniards came in armed bands, for conquest ; the English 
in families, to found Churches and States. — Smith, Chronnloaical Tald.es of 
Church History; Paekhan, Jesuits in America ; Pioneers of France in the 
New World. 

2. Periods of American Church History.— There are five 
periods in the history of the American Church : a. d. 

First Period, 1607-1660, a time of exteu- 1607-1 §75. 
sive revival and religious progress. 

Second Period, 1660-1720, time of trial; war with "King 
Philip;" disputes with the English Government; witchcraft; 
general religious decline. 

Third Period, 1720-1750, the season of powerful awaken- 
ings. The great revival under the preaching of Edwards began 
in New England in 1734. It spread throughout the colonies 
through the labors of Whitefield, the Tennents, Blair, Davies, 
and others. 

Fourth Period, 1750-1783, powerful political agitation; 
culmination of conflict with England ; religious prostration ; 
freedom from British rule. During the Revolutionary War 
all the Churches suffered more or less, and for twenty-five 
years thereafter the progress of religion was slow, hindered 
also by the importation of French infidelity. 

Fifth Period, 1873-1875, from the establishment of inde- 
pendence from England to the close of the civil war in 1865, 
and the sixth session of the Evangelical Alliance in 1873. Great 
revivals began with the nineteenth century, and since 1815 
the growth of the Church has kept pace with the population. 



72 Outline History of the Church. 

Separation of Church and State in America did not take place 
with the founding of the Government, bnt was left to the 
legislation of the several States, the bond not fully severed 
in the statute books of some of them until the present cen- 
tury. Massachusetts, in 1833, was the last to declare perfect 
separation of Church and State. 

3. The Virginia Colony.— Protestant Episcopal Church. 
— The founding of the Virginia Colony on James River by 
Captain John Smith and other members of the Established 
Church of England in 1607. The Rev. Robert Hunt is said 
to have preached the first sermon in English on the American 
continent. The colony divided into eleven parishes in 1619. 
The Church of England form of worship prevailed in the col- 
onies south of New England. 

First General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
of the United States in Philadelphia, representing seven 
States, 1785. Prayer Book, published 1786, omitted the Ni- 
cene and Athanasian Creeds, the descent into hell of the credo, 
absolution, and baptismal regeneration, and made bishops 
amenable to the lower clergy. The objections of the English 
bishops led to a restoration of nearly all the expunged parts, 
except the Athanasian Creed and absolution in visitation of 
the sick. By special act of Parliament the English bishops 
were enabled to ordain William White, Samuel Provost, and 
Dr. Griffith, February 4, 1787. Ratification of the Thirty- 
nine Articles, 1832. 

4. Keformed Episcopal Church.— Secession of Bishop Cum- 
mins from the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1873, and organ- 
ization in New York, Dec. 2, 1873, of the Reformed Episcopal 
Church, under his leadership. Subsequent ordination by him of 
Dr. Cheney to the Episcopacy. Reformed Episcopal Churches 
have been established in various parts of our own country and 
the British dominions. This Church had, early in 1875, fifty 
ministers, forty churches, and four thousand communicants. 

The principles of the Reformed Episcopal Church are: Belief in the Bible as 
rule of faith and practice ; in the Apostles 1 and Nicene Creeds ; in the two sac- 
raments of baptism and Lord's supper; in tho Thirty-nine Articles of the 
Church of England; in the retention of the Episcopacy, not as necessary, but as 
ancient and desirable; in a Book of Common Prayer free from all Romanizing 
elements; in extemporaneous prayer; in the non-regenerative power of bap- 
tism ; and in the non-observance of saints' days. 



Outline History of the Church, 73 

5. The Puritans in America. — Congregationalism. — 

Landing of the Puritan pilgrims by the Mayflower at Ply- 
mouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. Though coming from England 
originally, they had sailed last from Holland. Another col- 
ony and Church in 1629 at Salem; in 1630 another Church 
at Charlestown ; colonies from Massachusetts Bay in Connec- 
ticut in 1635 ; adoption of the Cambridge Platform in 1648, 
The Congregational Church took its rise from the Puritan 
colonists. During the last century it was confined chiefly to 
New England. In 1776 there were about seven hundred 
Congregational Churches, and five hundred and seventy-five 
pastors. The history of American Congregationalism is one 
of great honor. It has taken a prominent part in all public 
movements, and its development has been identical with that 
of the country, to whose prosperity it has materially con- 
tributed. 

6, Reformed Church. — Until recently, called the Reformed 
Protestant Dutch Church. First settlement in New Neth- 
erlands of members of this Church from Holland in 1623. 
Arrival of the first preacher, Jonas Michaelius, in 1628. 
Great embarrassment of the organization for many years 
because of the use of the Dutch language in worship, and 
connection of the Church in this country with the parent 
Church in Holland. Independent organization effected in 
1771, through the agency of Rev. Dr. J. H. Livingston. Se- 
cession in 1822 of Churches on the score of laxity in doctrine 
and discipline. The seceders took the name of the True Re- 
formed Dutch Church, and now number less than twenty 
congregations. Confession of Dort and the Heidelberg Cate- 
chism, the symbolical books of the Reformed Church. Dis- 
tinguished for its intelligence, interest in education, and 
missionary zeal. 

7. The Baptists.— Founding of the first Baptist Church in 
America by Roger Williams, at Providence, Rhode Island, 
in 1639. Early progress very slow, because of the Baptists 
being persecuted both North and South. They enjoyed no 
freedom except in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and Dela- 
ware. The American Revolution marked the beginning of 
great progress, which has been general and steady ever since. 



74 Outline History of the Church. 

Minor Baptist Churches : Anti-Mission ; Free-Will ; Seventh- 
Day ; Church of God, or Winebrennarians ; Disciples of Christ, 
or Campbellites ; Tunkers ; Mennonites. 

The Baptists were early distinguished for their advocacy of freedom of con- 
science. In the code of laws established by them in Rhode Island we read, for 
the first time since Christianity ascended the throne of the Caesars, the declara- 
tion that conscience should be free, and men should not be punished for wor- 
shiping God in the way they were persuaded he requires. — Judge Story. 

8. German Reformed Church. — Organization of this 
Church, 1741. First missionaries sent out by the Church in 
Holland; and the German Reformed Church remained in con- 
nection with the Dutch Church until 1792. It was made up, 
in the early part of its history, of emigrants from the Pala- 
tinate and Switzerland. The centennial year, 1841, was cel- 
ebrated with great enthusiasm. It is mainly distinguished 
from the Reformed (Dutch) and the French Reformed Churches 
by its use of the German language. 

9. The Lutheran Church. — The first Lutherans in this 
country were in New York ; the first pastor, Rev. Jacob 
Fabricius, 1669; the first church a log hut, 1671. The 
second settlement on the Delaware, 1676. Rev. H. M. Muh- 
lenberg arrived from Germany in 1742. He became the leader 
of the Lutherans in this country. First Synod, 1748. The 
Lutherans are now most numerous in Pennsylvania and Ohio, 
and are very vigorous. Their theology is progressive, and is 
shaped by the evangelical theological standards of German 
Lutheranism. The Lutherans are divided into, 1. The strict, 
old Lutherans; 2. The moderate Lutherans of the Pennsyl- 
vania Synod; and, 3. The Evangelical Lutherans of Gettys- 
burgh, (Schmucker.) 

10. The Presbyterians.— From 1660 to 1685 three thou- 
sand persons of Presbyterian faith were transported, as slaves, 
during the persecutions in Scotland, to the American col- 
onies. By 1688 many Presbyterian immigrants, especially in 
Eastern Pennsylvania. Rev. Francis M'Kenzie the first Presby- 
terian minister in America. The Presbytery of Philadelphia 
organized in 1706. First General Assembly (John Rodgers, 
Moderator) of the Presbyterian Church of the United States, 
1789. There were then 188 Presbyterian ministers, and 419 
Churches. An attempt to unite all Presbyterians failed. 



Outline History of the Church. 75 

Division of "the Presbyterian Church in 1838. In St. Louis, 
Missouri, 1866, attempt made to initiate the re-union of the 
Presbyterian Church, (Old and New School.) Consummation 
of the re-union in 1870. 

11. The Methodists in America.— The first Methodist So- 
ciety established in New York by Barbara Heck, Philip 
Embury, and Captain Webb, 1766; Methodist church built 
in John-street, 1768 ; Richard Boardman and Joseph Pil- 
more arrived from England, 1769. Boardman labored in 
New York, Pilmore in Philadelphia, and Strawbridge in 
Maryland. Wesley sent out to America Francis Asbury and 
Richard Wright, 1771. First Conference held in Philadelphia 
July 4, 1773; 10 preachers, and 1,160 members in the whole 
American Methodist Church. In 1774 there were 17 preach- 
ers and 1,073 members. Division of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church of the United States in 1844 into the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, on 
the question of slavery. The Centenary of American Methodism 
celebrated in 1866 throughout the Church. Contributions 
amounting to nearly $8,000,000 were made, chiefly for educa- 
tion. 

Besides these chief Methodist bodies, there are nine other 
distinct organizations : 1. Episcopal — Colored Methodist Epis- 
copal, African Methodist Episcopal, African Methodist Epis- 
copal Zion, and Evangelical Association. 2. Non-Episcopal 
— The Methodist Church, Methodist Protestant, American 
Wesleyan, Free Methodist, and Primitive Methodist. 

GENERAL SUMMARY OF METHODISM IN 1874. 



Methodists in the United States 

British Wesleyans in Great Britain 

Irish Wesleyan Churches . 

French Wesleyan Churches , 

Australian Wesleyan Churches 

Primitive Methodist Church 

Methodist New Connection Church 

United Methodist Free Church 

Bible Christian Churches 

British Wesleyan Reform Union 

Methodist Church of Canada 

Methodist Episcopal Church in Canada 

Grand Total 



Itinerant 


Local 


Lay 


Ministers. 


Preachers. 


Members. 


19.156 


24,512 


3,031.938 


1,715 


13,720 


376.439 


152 


760 


20.740 


28 


96 


2.012 


348 


1.438 


66,636 


1.020 


14,838 


164 660 


240 


1,270 


33.563 


35S 


3.361 


66,909 


244 


1.747 


26.S78 


365 


143 


8,109 


1,004 


1,027 


102,887 


236 


214 


22,641 


24.S66 


63,131 


3,923,512 



76 Outline Histoky of the Church. 

12. The Boman Catholics.— The colony of Maryland guar- 
anteed to Lord Baltimore (Csecilius Calvert) by special char- 
ter. The first Roman Catholic emigration thither in 1632. 
Settlement of two hundred emigrants at St. Mary's, 1634. 
Roman Catholics deprived of civil rights by the Maryland As- 
sembly, 1654. In Louisiana there was great Catholic progress, 
chiefly owing to emigration from France. Spread of Roman 
Catholicism up the Mississippi. In 1775 there was a total Ro- 
man Catholic population in the colonies of 24,500. Rapid growth 
of Roman Catholicism after the Revolution, owing chiefly to 
immigration and Jesuit missions. Episcopal see of Baltimore 
founded, 1789. Multiplication of religious orders, commencing 
in 1790. Beginning of Roman Catholic opposition to Bible in 
Public Schools in 1840. Rejection in New York of Roman 
Catholic claim to a part of school fund. Native Americans, 
or political opposition to Roman Catholics. National Plenary 
Council, condemning secret societies and public schools, 1852. 
After close of Civil War very zealous proselytism among the 
freedmen of the South. American Roman Catholics repre- 
sented very fully in the Vatican Council, whose extreme 
measures received their support. The Roman Catholics of the 
United States reflect the temper and methods of European 
Ultramontanism. American pilgrimage to France and Rome 
in 1873. ^ 

CHAPTER V. 

MOST RECENT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 

A. D. 1875. 
Many important events bearing upon the general life and 
faith of the Church in Europe and America have recently 
occurred. The distinguishing features of all later religious 
movements have been: 1. The disposition toward unity of 
various bodies of similar doctrines and tradition; and; 2. The 
opposition to extreme Roman Catholicism by Protestants of 
all lands as a body, and especially by the Protestant Kingdom 
of Prussia. The following are the chief religious events of 
the most recent date. In preparing our account we have 
been largely indebted to an excellent paper in the New York 
Tribune of Jan. 1, 1875, on "Religious Movements;"-— 



Outline History of the Church. 77 

1. Conflict between the Prussian Government and Roman 
Catholicism. — The source of this conflict was the hostile atti- 
tude of the Prussian Catholics to their own country during 
the Franco-German war of 1870-71. The " Falk Laws" of 
Germany leave to the Governor-General of a province the duty 
of deciding upon the qualification of persons appointed to be 
bishops. All bishops must swear fidelity to the Government, 
under penalty of fine or imprisonment. When a patron of a 
living falling vacant does not nominate a vicar within two 
months, the right passes to the congregation ; all livings hav- 
ing no patron are to be filled by the congregations. These 
measures caused great indignation at Rome. The Pope 
ordered the German bishops to refuse to conform to these reg- 
ulations ; as a consequence many were fined, imprisoned, or 
exiled. Archbishop Ledochowski was one of the first to be 
convicted under the new system. The Archbishop of Cologne 
has been likewise fined and imprisoned. The expulsion of 
the Jesuits from Prussia is a part of the same system. The 
Catholics of all countries have protested against the measure, 
forgetful of the fact that nearly every Roman Catholic power 
had done the same thing, owing to the political machinations 
of the Jesuits at the various courts. Austria has lately en- 
acted new ecclesiastical laws similar to those of Germany. 
The Roman Catholics have protested, but no violence has 
occurred. 

2. Gladstone's Declaration against Romanism.— Glad- 
stone, lately the British Premier, has published a pamphlet 
against the unnational character of the Roman Catholic Church. 
He charges it with the practical release of all its members 
from civil allegiance, and claims that the Vatican decrees are 
inconsistent with true citizenship, inasmuch as they make the 
first duty of the citizen to the Pope, and not to the national 
authority. The pamphlet has created immense excitement 
throughout the Christian world. Archbishop Manning, J. H. 
Newman, and Monseignor Capel have assailed its positions; 
while other Catholics, such as Lords Camoys and Acton, have 
acknowledged the justice of its positions. 

3. Old Catholic Conventions— On the 27th of May, 1874, 
the first German Old Catholic Synod convened at Bonn, under 



78 Outline History of the Church. 

the presidency of Archbishop Reinkens. It consisted of 
eighty-nine delegates, lay and clerical. In September a Con- 
gress met in Freiburg, South Germany, and adopted impor- 
tant measures bearing on the new organization. After this a 
conference was held at Bonn, attended by representatives of 
Greek, Anglican, and other Churches. A basis of union was 
adopted. 

4. Ritualism. — The English Parliament has passed a bill 
for the Regulation of Public Worship. It was prepared by the 
Archbishop of Canterbury, and. goes into effect the present 
year. It provides that representations may be made by an 
archdeacon or church-warden, or three parishioners of one 
year's,, residence or more, and three persons residing in a 
diocese, to the bishop ; if the bishop is of opinion that pro- 
ceedings on the practices complained of should not be taken, 
he is to state his reasons in writing. If he decides that pro- 
ceedings ought to be taken he is to notify both parties, 
and, if they are willing, hear the case. If they refuse to try 
the case before him, he is directed to submit the representa- 
tion to the archbishop, who is to send it for trial to the court 
specially organized for the purpose. There is an appeal from 
the court to the council. Obedience to a monition by a bishop 
will be enforced, and the clergyman may be inhibited for 
three months ; in the case of a second inhibition within three 
years, the preferment is to become void. The practices 
against which this law is directed are : 1. Alterations in, or 
addition to, the fabric, ornaments, or furniture of a church, 
without permission of the authorities thereof ; or the introduc- 
tion of any decoration forbidden by law. 2. The use of any 
unlawful ornament by the minister, either in the church or 
at a burial-ground. 3. Neglecting to observe the directions 
of the Prayer-Book in the performance of the rites and cere- 
monies ordered by it. 

5. Schism in the French Reformed Church.— A notable 
event in France has been a schism in the Reformed Church, 
which had been imminent since 1872. In that year a Confes- 
sion of Faith was adopted, which the Liberal party refused to 
accept. They declined to sit in council with the Orthodox 
party in 1873, unless the Confession was made obligatory upon 



Outline History of the Church. 79 

only its authors and adherents. The latter refused to recede 
from their position, and, with the permission of the Govern- 
ment, the acceptance of the Confession was made a necessary 
qualification of all voters at consistorial elections. The Lib- 
erals ignored the regulations prescribed. Their elections 
were therefore annulled by the Minister of Public Worship. 
New elections were ordered, in accordance with the rules laid 
down by the Orthodox party. The Liberals denounced the 
authors of the Confession, charged them with attempting to 
despoil them of their churches and property, and declared 
that they would not submit to be driven from the Reformed 
Church, whose name and history were as precious to them as 
to their brethren. The Orthodox have disclaimed any desire 
to drive the Liberals from the Church, or intention of spolia- 
tion, and declare their willingness that a fair division of the 
property shall be made. There is little hope of reconciliation, 
and it is expected the Liberals will form a separate organiza- 
tion. The Government is on the side of the Orthodox branch 
of the Church, as their adversaries have failed to comply with 
the legal requirements. The death of the venerable Guizot 
has been a great blow to the Evangelical Church of France. 

6. Persecutions in the East.— The political condition of 
the Jews in Roumania and Morocco, where they have been 
oppressed on account of their religion, has been alleviated by 
the civil powers. The native Christians under the dominion 
of the Turkish Government have been subjected to persecu- 
tion at the hands of Mohammedan officials, and an order was 
issued by the Government excluding the Bible from Turkey. 
These acts were brought to the notice of the English and 
other Governments, and the British Evangelical Alliance used 
all its influence, both in London and at Constantinople, to 
have these wrongs righted. The Christians and Mohammed- 
ans in Crete have been in open conflict, and a resort to arms 
has been threatened. 

7. Christian Union. — A plan was made in 1872 for the 
placing of all Presbyterian bodies into federal relation. If 
successful, the proposed council will bring together dele- 
gates of over thirty different Presbyterian organizations, repre- 
senting more than eight millions of communicants. Iude- 



80 Outline History of the Church. 

pendently of this scheme, the various Presbyterian Churches 
of this country have been conferring on the subject of closer 
relations. As yet, none of these negotiations have reached a 
successful issue, but the spirit of concession gives hope for the 
future. In Canada a plan has been ratified which will unite 
four bodies in one organization, to be known as the " Presby- 
terian Church of British North America." They are the Can- 
ada Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Church of Canada 
in connection with the Church of Scotland, and the corre- 
sponding bodies for the Lower Provinces. The*United Church 
will number over seventy thousand communicants. It was 
expected that the union would be formally consummated 
during 1875. In Scotland, the Commission of the Estab- 
lished Church has decided to recommend that the next Gen- 
eral Assembly approach the other Presbyterian Churches with 
a view to union. A scheme for the federation of Presbyterian 
missions in India has been favorably acted upon. The prop- 
osition for the union of the Reformed Church in America 
and the Reformed Church in the United States has failed, but 
a system of co-operation between the former and the Southern 
Presbyterian Church has been adopted by both bodies. There 
has been a more cordial intercourse between the numerous 
branches of the Methodist Church, and advances have been 
made toward organic union. Fraternal intercourse has been 
opened between the Northern and Southern Methodist Episco- 
pal Churches for the first time since the separation, caused by 
the slavery question, in 1844. A camp-meeting has been held 
near Troy, in 1874, at which representatives from the Method- 
ist Churches in this country and Canada were present. The 
proceedings were marked with the greatest good feeling, and 
the success of the meeting, and the results it brought about, 
led to the calling of another for 1875. The union of three 
Methodist bodies in Canada has been consummated, and the 
first General Conference of the united Church, known as the 
" Methodist Church of Canada," met late in 1874 for or- 
ganization. The Churches thus joined were the Wesleyan 
Methodist, the Methodist New Connection, and the Wesleyan 
Methodist Church of Eastern British America, which have an 
aggregate membership of over one hundred thousand persons. 



Outline History of the Church. 81 

8. Church Conventions. — The General Conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, South, which met in the sum- 
mer of 1874, was an occasion of great interest. Measures 
were adopted looking toward the re-occupation of former 
fields of labor, the revival of publishing interests, the devel- 
opment of internal polity, and the restoration of fraternal re- 
lations with' the Methodist bodies. In the triennial Conven- 
tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church, held in New York, 
the ritualistic controversy formed an important theme for con- 
sideration. A canon was finally passed, by a clerical vote of 
thirty-eight dioceses to three, and a lay vote of thirty-four 
dioceses to three, forbidding, 1.) The elevation of the elements 
in the Holy Communion in such manner as to expose them to 
the view of the people as objects toward which adoration is 
to be made ; 2.) Any act of adoration of or toward the ele- 
ments in the Holy Communion, such as bowings, prostrations, 
or genuflections ; and 3.) All other like acts not authorized or 
allowed by the Rubrics of the Book of Common Prayer. Sev- 
eral days were spent in secret session concerning the confirma- 
tion of Prof. Seymour as Bishop of Illinois. He was rejected 
by a majority vote of the dioceses. At the second Council of 
the Reformed Episcopal Church a constitution and canons 
were reported and adopted. A rule of the constitution, bear- 
ing on Ritualism, provides that "nothing calculated to teach, 
either directly or symbolically, that the Christian ministry 
possesses a sacerdotal character, or that the Lord's Supper is 
a sacrifice, shall ever be allowed in the worship of this Church, 
nor shall any communion table be constructed in the form of 
an altar." A revised form of the Prayer-Book was adopted, 
and articles of federation with the Free Church of England 
approved. Bishop Cummins has been formally deposed from 
the Protestant Episcopal Church. 

9. Revival in Scotland and Ireland.— An evangelical 
movement in Scotland and Ireland, in 1874, conducted by 
Messrs. Moody and Sankey, (Americans,) has been attended with 
remarkable results. They visited the chief cities and towns 
both countries, and thousands gathered at meetings at which 
the two men preached and sang. The churches were found to 
be too small to accommodate the throngs, and services were held 

5 



82 Outline History of the Church. 

in the open air, in city halls, or in large tents erected for the 
purpose. Great revivals occurred in every place, many of the 
converts themselves becoming evangelists, and taking up the 
work where Moody and Sankey left it. These evangelists 
afterward went to England, where extraordinary preparations 
had been made to receive them. At Manchester there was a 
repetition of the scenes in Scotland and Ireland, with the same 
manifestations of zeal and enthusiasm, followed by similar 
results. 

10. Present Condition and Outlook of the Protestant 
Church in America. — The Protestant Church in America is 
at present very vigorous and aggressive. While certain sec- 
tions indicate some sympathy with the rationalistic tendencies 
of the Continent and the Broad-Church platitudes of England, 
no form of infidelity has ever taken a firm hold on any large 
branch of the Church in this country. Every department of 
ecclesiastical life is full of promise. The Sunday-school has 
developed to a remarkable degree within the last few years, 
while the literature of religious instruction has advanced 
rapidly, and yet healthily. Missions, foreign and domestic, 
are carefully and generally promoted. Education of the 
masses, not to mention higher instruction, has kept pace with 
the increase of wealth and population. The session of the 
Evangelical Alliance in New York, in 1873, was the means of 
bringing all bodies of evangelical Christians in America into 
close union and co-operation, as well as of drawing similar 
bodies in Europe and elsewhere into more vital sympathy 
with ourselves. The good results from this meeting, which 
lasted ten days, will continue for many years. 



Outline Histoky of the Chuech. 83 



CHAPTER VI. 

GENERAL SURVEY OF MISSIONS. 

Protestant missions began with the opening of the eight- 
eenth centnry by the founding of the Society for the Propa- 
gation of the Gospel, in 1701, by leading men of the Church of 
England. The Moravians were early distinguished for their 
missionary zeal, but in due time the interest was felt and ex- 
emplified by all the leading evangelical denominations. The 
great period of missionary aggressiveness, however, began with 
the close of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the 
nineteenth, by the organization of the Baptist Missionary So- 
ciety, (London, 1793,) the Church Missionary Society, (Church 
of England, London, 1800,) the Wesleyan Missionary Society, 
(London, 1800,) and the American Board of Commissioners for 
Foreign Missions, (Boston, 1810.) Early attention was given 
to the Oriental countries, which had been the scene of Jesuit 
missions ; and, accordingly, India and China were made the 
field of very industrious laborers. Japan being opened to the 
world's commerce only recently, the missionary operations 
there are still in their incipiency; but the success thus far 
promises well for the future. The territory of Western Asia 
has become one of the most important fields. Its religious 
systems are: 1. Mohammedanism; 2. Semi-Paganism, (Druze, 
Nusairy, Yezidee ;) and, 3. Nominal Christianity, or the Ori- 
ental Churches. This last group consists of six classes: 
1. The Monophysite Sects, (Armenians, Jacobites, Copts, 
Abyssinians ;) 2. The Nestorians; 3. The Orthodox Greeks; 
4. The Maronites ; 5. The Oriental Papal Sects, (Papal Greek, 
Papal Armenian, Papal Syrian, Papal JSTestorian, Papal Coptic, 
and Papal Abyssinian;) and, 6. The Latins, (a small body, 
attached to the French and Italian monasteries.) These sects, 
(the Oriental Churches,) exclusive of the Greeks of Russia 
and Greece, number 9,586,000 members. 



84 Outline History of the Church. 

The work of all missionaries is of wide scope, embracing", 
1. The erection of chapels and organization of -out-door 
preaching-places; 2. The Zenana work, or women's work in 
behalf of women and children ; 3. Translation of the Script- 
ures into the languages of the countries ; 4. Establishment of 
schools of different grades ; 5. The founding of hospitals for 
the sick, indigent, and infirm; 6. Publication, in books and 
periodicals, of general religious knowledge. 

The Rev. Dr. J. Angus says the following concerning the 
practicability of the world's conversion: "-With fifty thou- 
sand missionaries at work for ten years, and with fifteen mill- 
ion pounds a year for ten years to support them, it is demon- 
strable that the Gospel might be preached, and repeatedly, to 
every man, woman, and child on earth. This number of 
preachers is not one per cent, of the members of the evangeli- 
cal Churches in Christendom. Any one of three or four de- 
nominations in America could supply all the preachers. The 
sum required for their support (£150,000,000) would be only 
fifteen dollars from each member of the evangelical Churches 
in Europe and America. England spends as much as the 
whole sum every two years in intoxicating drinks. The 
Crimean War cost one hundred million pounds ; the American 
Civil War ten times as much. We might name ten thousand 
professing Christians who could give it all." 

There are at present about two hundred missionary and Bible 
societies in the various Protestant countries. For minute 
statistics, see Boyse, " Statistics of Protestant Missionary 
Societies," (London, 1874.) This author has added to his 
work a very excellent Missionary Bibliography, (pp. 173-184.) 
The best recent papers, from any source, on the general sub- 
ject of missions, are to be found in the "Proceedings of the 
Sixth General Conference of the Evangelical Alliance, " (New 
York, 1874,) pp. 583-650. For the Missionary Maps which 
we here use, we are indebted to the courtesy of the Messrs. 
Harper & Brothers for permission to reduce the maps which 
they have issued in their "Dictionary of Religious Knowl- 
edge," (New York, 1875,) edited by Rev. Lyman Abbott 



/ 



TURKEY 




1. American Board (Congregational.) 2. American Presbyterian Missionary Society. 3. American United Presbyterian Missionary Society. 4. American Preformed Presbyterian 
Missionary Society. 5. American Sonthern Presbyterian Missionary Society. 6. American Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society. 7. American Protestant Episcopal Missionary 
Society. 8. American Baptist Missionary Society. 9. English Church Missionary Society. 10. Scotch Established Church Missionary Society. 11. Scotch Free Church Missionary 
Society. 12. Irish Prosbyterian Missionary Society. 13. Bishop Gouat's Mission. 14. Jerusalom Verein. 15. Kaiserswerth Deaconesses. 16. Independent Missions. 



T JV D L -A JT 



C ~E A. J* 



CHINA X, )?^tJ 



J A P AN 





* ,VMagB&kJ6,vs.& v 






^ 
\ 
* 



N 



1. American Board (Congregational.) 2. American Presbyterian M. S. 8. American Baptist 
M. U. 4. American Methodist Episcopal M. S. 5. American United Presbyterian M. S. 6. Amer- 
ican Free Baptist M. S. T. American Lutheran M. S. S. American Reformed (Dutch) M. H. 
9. American Missionary Association. 10. English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. 
11. English London M. 9. 12. English Church M. 8. 13. English Baptist M. 9. 14. English 
Weslevan M. S. 15. English Presbyterian M. S. 16. Scotch Established Church M. 9. IT. Scotcn 
United Presbyterian M. 8. 18. Scotch Free Church M. S. 19. Irish Presbyterian Church M. a. 
20. Welsh Caivinistic Methodist M. 8. 21. Leipsic M. 9. 22. Basle M. 9. 23. Hermannsburgh 
M. 8. 24. Gossner's M. S. 25. Danish M. 9. 26. Moravian M. 9. 27. Uhlne M. 9. 
lending M. S. 



28. Dutch 



1. American Board (Congregational.) 2. American Presbyterian M. 9. 8 American UniUrf 
Presbyterian M. 9. 4. American Southern Presbyterian M. S. 5. American Methodist Kp.scopal 
M. 8. 6. American Southern Methodist M. S. 7. American Reformed (Dutch) M S. 8. American 
Baptist M. U. 9. American Southern Baptist M. 9. 10. American SevenH.-Day Baptist M. 9. 
11. American Protestant Episcopal M. 9. 12. English London M. 8. 13. English Chnn* ». 8. 
14. English Wesleyan M. 9. 15. English Baptist M. S. 16. English Presbyterian «• 8- «. Ko- 
gllsh United Methodist M. 8. 13. English Methodist New Connection MS 19. EnglM. Chin. 
Inland M. 8. 20. Scotch .United Presbyterian M.S. 21. Irish Presbyterian M.S. 22. Baale 
M. S. 23. Rhine M. S. 24. Berlin M. 8. 



Outline History of the Church. 



93 










C^gu&aa 



^, 



eOUTH 
AFRICA 

. 100 too SW -400 



Hi! 



1. American Board (Congregational.) 2. English Church M. S. 3. English Society for the 
Propagation of the Gospel. 4. English Wesleyan M. S. 5. English London M. S. 6. English 
Moravian M. 8. 7. Scotch Free Church M. S. 8. Scotch United Presbyterian M. S. 9. Berlin 
M. 8. 10. Rhine M. S. 11. Hermannsburgh M. S. 12. French Evangelical M. S. 13. Nor- 
wegian M. 8. 14. Holland Reformed of Natal M. 8. 



94: Outline History of the Church. 



CHAPTER VH. 

RELIGIOUS STATISTICS OF THE WORLD. 

"We refer to the following works of Professor A, J. Sehem, the best living author- 
ity on all questions of ecclesiastical statistics, as the basis of our statistical sum- 
mary: "American Ecclesiastical Year Book," (New York, 1S60 ;) "The American 
Ecclesiastical Almanac," (1S68;) "The American Ecclesiastical and Educational 
Almanac," (1869;) and "Statistical Tables," (third edition, April, 1875.) "We 
have also made use of Martin's "Statesman's Year Book," (London, 1ST5;) "The 
United States Census for 1870 ; " (now mostly superseded in the department of 
ecclesiastical statistics;) "The Almanach de Gotha," (Gotha, 1875;) and "Kolb's 
Handbuch der Vergleichenden Statistik," (Leipzig, 18T1.) 

I. 

GENERAL CREEDS OF THE WORLD. 
The population of the world is religiously distributed very nearly in 
the following proportions : — 

1. Christianity 407,000,000 I 5. Teaching of Confucius 80,000,000 

2. Buddhism 940,000,000 • 6. Shinto Religion 14,000,000 

3. Mohammedanism. . . 200.000,000 7. Judaism 7,000,000 

4. Brahmanism 175,000,000 | S. Ah other forms of relig's belief. 174,000,000 

In Europe, America, Australia, and many of the Polynesian Islands, 
Christianity is the prevailing creed of every State. In Africa, the 
independent Christian States are Abyssinia, Liberia, the Transvaal 
Republic, and the Orange Free State, while Christianity also prevails 
in the European colonies. The largest empire in Asia — Russia — is 
also a Christian country. Tndia, the third country in point of extent, 
is under the rule of a Christian government, and so is a large portion 
of Farther India. 

The Mohammedan countries in Asia are Turkey, Persia, Affghanis- 
tan, and the Khanates of Central Asia; in Africa — Morocco, the 
dependencies of Turkey, (Egypt, Tunis, Tripoli,) and a number of in- 
terior S r ates. 

Buddhism prevails in India, Farther India, in many parts of China, 
and in Japan. The government of Burmah and Siam are Buddhist; 
the government of China adheres to the religion of Confucius; the 
prevalent religion of Japan is Shintoism. 

Judaism is represented throughout the civilized world. Dr. Kolb 
gives the following as the number of Jews in the countries named: 



Outline History of the Church. 



95 



Germany, 478,500; Austria, 1,124.000; G-reat Britain, 40,000; France, 
80,000; European Russia, 2,237,000; Italy, 20.200; Switzerland, 
4,200; Belgium, 1,500; Netherlands, 64,000; Luxemburg, 1,500; 
Denmark, 4,200; Sweden, 1,000; Greece, 500; European Turkey, 
70,000. The Jews in Portugal are estimated at 3,000; in Syria and 
Asiatic Turkey, 52,000; in Morocco and North Africa, 610,000; in 
Eastern Asia, 500,800; in America, 500,000. 



II. 

GENERAL STATISTICS OF CHRISTIANITY. 
It is common to divide the Christian Churches into three groups: — 

1. Tlie Roman Catholic Church. — This Church is apparently one or- 
ganization, and the recognition of the Pope as the head of the entire 
Church is an article of faith. There is one religious organization in 
Holland (the Jansenists) who, while they claim to belong to the Ro- 
man Catholic Church, are not recognized by the Pope. The old Cath- 
olics has many points of resemblance to the Jansenists. Besides, in 
the Roman Catholic countries of Europe there are many millions 
whose connection with the Roman Catholic Church is only nominal, 
of which the attitude of Italy, Austria, Germany, France, Belgium, 
Spain, Portugal, etc., is a conclusive proof. 

2. Tlie Eastern or Oriental Churches. — This group embraces the fol- 
lowing denominations : The Greek Church, the Armenian Church, the 
Nestorians, the Jacobites, the Copts, and the Abyssinians. All of 
them recognize the first (Ecumenical Council of Nice, and have 
bishops for whom they claim an apostolic succession. 

3. Tlie Protestant Churches. — All the Churches not belonging to one 
of the two preceding groups are generally comprised under the col- 
lective name of Protestants. There are parties in some of the denom- 
inations, classed under this head, which protest against the applica- 
tion of this name to them. Thus in the Church of England, and the 
Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, there is a party 
claiming a place in the second, instead of the third of these groups. 



Countries. 


Total 
Population. 

(All Creeds Chris- 
tian and Pagan.) 


Protestants. 


Roman 

Catholics. 


Eastern 
Churches. 




87.997.9S3 

293,450.492 

807.601.631 

203,300.0110 

4,873,925 


36.936.000 
70.051.449 

6,695.000 
15,875.000 

1,450,000 


50.931,9S3 

147,217,707 

713,000 

1,126,700 

350,000 


10.000 




64.694.940 




8,4S6,000 




8,200,000 


Australia and Polynesia. . 


Total 


1.397,224,031 


131,007,449 


200.339.390 


76.390,940 



96 



Outline Histoey of the Chukch. 



III. 

SPECIAL STATISTICS OF CHRISTIANITY. 

1. AMEEICA. 



Countries. 



Total Pop- 


Prot- 


Roman 


ulation, 


estant. 


Catholic. 


38,925,000 


32,915,000 


6,000,000 


9,173,000 


10,000 


9,163,000 


2,665,000 


5,000 


2,660.000 


3,000,000 


10,000 


2,990,000 


1,400,000 




1,400,000 


1,300,000 




1,300,000 


2,500,000 


2,000 


2,498,000 


2.000,000 




2,000,000 


2,043,000 


20,666 


2,023,000 


11,780,000 


100,000 


11,680,000 


1,833,142 


20,000 


1.813.142 


1,337,431 




1,337,431 


400,000 


3,000 


397.000 


572,000 


10,000 


562,000 


136,500 


1,000 


135,500 


5,149,000 


3,039.000 


2-,H0,000 


1,130,910 


700,000 


430,910 


52,000 


42,000 


10,000 


885,000 


1,000 


334,000 


2,060,000 


2.000 


2,058,000 


86,000 


56,000 


30,000 


120,000 






87,997,983 


36,936,000 


50,931,983 



Eastern 
Church 



United States 

Mexico 

Central American Republics 

United States of Columbia 

Venezuela 

Ecuador 

Peru 

Bolivia 

Chili 

Brazil 

Argentine Republic 

Paraguay 

Uruguay 

Hayti , 

San Domingo 

British North America — (Dominion of 
Canada, Prince Edward's Island, New 
foundland, British Columbia, Red River 
Colony, Bermuda) 

Other British Possessions. 

Danish and Swedish Possessions. . . 

French Possessions 

Spanish " 

Dutch " 

Patagonia and Fireland 



Total. 



10,000 



2. EUROPE.— (Christian Creeds.) 



States, 


Protestants. 


Roman 
Catholics. 


Greek 
Catholics. 




3,571,000 

20,000 

1,776,000 

580,757 

25,5S1,444 

16,041,215 

1,342.592 

l,24\s<i0 

2,493,556 

491,00S 

553,492 

585,399 

240,962 

302,988 

275,493 

306,374 

51,085 

118,103 

1,259,618 

270,699 


27,904,000 

5,065,000 

2.000 

85,500,000 

14,S67,610 

8,268,309 

3,464,364 

553,542 

53,642 

942,560 

1,336 

23S,080 

71,027 

7,030 

9.404 

7,748 

400 

8,550 

11,521 

1,235,097 


3,950,075 








12 




3,071 




2,662 




1,565 




246 








554 




182 




2 




18 












53 




23 




8 








11 


Alsace-Lorraine 





Outline Htstoey of the Church. 



97 



2. EDEOPE. — (Christian Creeds) — Continued. 



States. 



Protestants. 



Roman Greek 

Catholics. Catholics. 



Great Britain and Ireland 

Greece 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Portugal 

Russia in Europe 

Spain 

Sv\'eden and Norway 

Switzerland 

Turkey in Europe 

Total , 



26,100. 

6. 

40. 

2,193. 

2. 

2,565. 

107. 

5,928. 

1,577. 

2. 



5,520,000 

6,013 

26,725,000 

1,313,0S4 

4,365,000 

7,439,000 

16,825,000 

1.000 

1.0S5,000 

600,000 



1.000 

1,442,310 

59,500 



54,134,810 
"45 

5,100,000 



70,051,449 147,217,707 64, 



Non-Christian Creeds. 



States. 



Jews. 



Mohamme- 
dans. Paeans. 



Austria-Hungary 

Germany 

Eussia in Europe 
Turkey " 

Total 



1,375,000 

512.000 

2,612,000 

100,000 



1,251 

47 

2,359.872 

4,050,200 



470 

SI 

255,975 

230,000 



4,599,000J 6,410,S70| 486,526 



ASIA. 



Countries. 



Russian Possessions 

Turkish " 

Arabia 

Persia 

Afghanistan and Herat 

Beloocliistan 

Toorkistan , 

China and dependencies 

Japan 

East India and British Burmah 

Ceylon 

Farther India 

East India Isiands 

Total 



TO Ia a Jion° PU " ] 



9,748,017 

16,463,000 

4,000.000 

4,500,000 

4,000.000 

2,000.000 

7,870.000 

477,500.000 

35,000,000 

196.012,137 

2. 049. 728 

20,769.945 

27.688,S04 



25,000 
260,000 


10,000 

10,000 


10,000 


2,000 



700.000 
100.U00 



1,600,000 
2.000.000 



Roman Eastern 
Catholic. Church. 



20,000 
1,000 



500,000 
170.000 



807,601,6311 6,695,0001 713,000 8,486,000 



4,SS5,000 
3,000,000 



300,000 



1,000 
300,000 



4. AFRICA 



Countries. 



British Possessions 

French " 

Portuguese " 

Spanish " 

Angolia, Benguela, Mozambique 

Algeria 

Egypt 

Abyssinia 



Protestant. 


Roman 
Catholic, 


Eastern 
Church. 


500,000 


140.000 
133,000 
439.000 






32.000 







100,000 




10,666 


190,000 




10,000 


50,000 


200,000 




30,000 


3,000,000 



98 



Outline History of the Church. 



4. AFRICA— Continued. 






Countries. 


Protestant. 


Roman 
Catholic. 


Eastern 
Church, 


Liberia 


88,000 

6,000,000 

3,150,000 

6,000,000 

57,000 

30,000 

j- 30,000 


'266 

80,000 

2,500 












Madagascar 

Orange Free State 




Transvaal Eepublic 




Kaffraria 












Total 


15,875,000 


1,126,700 


3,200,000 



5. AUSTRALIA AND POLYNESIA. 

The total population of Australia, according to the latest census, is 2,050,000 
the population of the islands is estimated at 2,823,925 ; total, 4,873,925. 

The number of Roman Catholics in New South Wales is 99,193 ; in South Aus- 
tralia, 15,594; in Victoria, 107,610; in New Zealand, about 30,000: in the Sandwich 
Islands, 22,000. The total number of Roman Catholics in Australia and Polynesia 
may be estimated at 350,000. 

Nearly the whole population of the English possessions, that is not Roman Catho- 
lic and Jewish, may be set down as Protestants. This gives about 1,300,000 for Aus- 
tralia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. In the Sandwich, Fiji, and other 
there may be about 150,000. Total number of Protestants, about 1,450,000. 



IV. 

DENOMINATIONAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Denominations. 



Adventists 

" Seventh Day 

Baptists, Regular 

Free Will 

" Six Principles 

" Anti-Mission 

" German, (Tunkers). . . 

" Seventh Day 

" German Seventh Day. 

Christian Connection- 

Church of God 

Congregationalists 

Disciples, (Campbellites) 

Evangelical Association 

" Synod of the West . 

Friends 

Jews 

Lutherans 

Mennonites 

M. E. Church, (North) 

(South) 

Methodist Church 

" Protestant Church 

" African Episcopal Ch 

" African Episcopal Zion Ch. 
" Colored Church 



Members. 



30,000 

6,000 

1,761,171 

71,000 

3,000 

105,000 

50,000 

8,237 

1,000 

57,000 

30,000 

330,391 

500,000 

90.249 

40,000 

92,000 

500,000 

561,372 

50,000 

1,563,521 

667,S85 

65,000 

70,000 

200,000 

164,000 

74,799 



Denominations. 


Members. 


Methodist Congregational 


10,000 

2,879 

6,000 

20,000 

14,000 


" Free 


" American Wesleyan . 




84,000 
19,000 






495,634 

105,956 

73^52 

99,832 

14,500 


" (South) 

" United 

" " Cumberland. 
" Reformed, (Old Side 
and New Side) 


Other Presbyterian Chs. in U.3. 


5,000 
260,000 


" " Reformed. 
Reform'd Ch. in Amer.,(Dutch) 

" " D. S., (German). 
Roman Catholics, (Total Cath- 


20,000 

64,150 

135,792 

6,000,000 

6,000 

131,859 

30,905 

60,000 




United Brethren in Christ 








Total 


14,750,584 





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